UC-NRLF 


fl07 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 


IN  MEMORY  OF 

PROFESSOR  WILLIAM  MERRILL 

AND 
MRS.  IMOGENE  MERRILL 


IIBE. 


Six  WEEKS*  PREPARATION 


FOR 


READING  CESAR. 


ADAPTED  TO 


ALLEN  <&-    GREENOUGWS,    GILDERSLEEVE'S, 
AND   HARKNESS'S    GRAMMARS. 


BY 

JAMES  MORRIS  1WHITON,  PH.D. 


PART  I.     Six  Weeks'  Preparation. 
PART  II.  For  Beginners  in  Casar. 


THIRD  REVISED  EDITION, 

DESIGNED  TO  PREPARE  FOR   READING  LATIN  AT  SIGHT. 


BOSTON: 

GINN  &  COMPANY. 
1887. 


KO9 


Copyright, 

BY  J.  M.  WHITON. 

1877  and  1886. 


J.  S.  GUSHING  &  Co.,  PRINTERS,  BOSTON. 


IT*  7 


PREFATORY   NOTE   TO 


THE  method  of  this  book  is  one  devised  and  used 
\n  his  own  work  by  the  author.  The  special  object 
pursued  is  that  early  familiarity  with  the  inflections  and 
common  concords  of  the  Latin,  which  is  at  the  founda- 
tion of  all  accurate  scholarship. 

The  title  indicates  what  has  been  and  may  be  accom- 
plished by  bright  and  studious  pupils  favorably  circum- 
stanced. The  younger  the  pupil,  the  longer  the  time 
requisite.  A  child  of  eleven  has  found  the  summer 
vacation  an  adequate  time,  at  the  rate  of  five  hours' 
study  and  two  and  one-half  hours'  recitation  each  week. 
An  academy  class  of  twenty,  whose  ages  ranged  from 
fifteen  to  twenty-  two,  with  one  other  daily  lesson,  has 
accomplished  it  in  four  weeks,  with  ten  half-hour  recita- 
tions weekly. 

In  the  present  new  edition,  for  the  sake  of  younger 
pupils,  unversed  in  managing  grammatical  references, 
all  grammatical  notes  have  been  substituted  by  the  in- 
troduction of  equivalent  matter  in  a  simplified  form. 
Everything  for  which  a  grammar  needs  to  be  consulted, 
except  the  paradigms,  is  put  before  the  eye  in  connec- 
tion with  the  lesson.  Copious  explanations,  also,  of 
such  a  kind  as  the  experience  of  the  class-room  has 
required  for  the  difficulties  of  young  beginners,  have 
been  added.  The  structure  of  the  verb,  in  particular, 


M689472 


4  Prefatory  Note  to  Teachers. 

has  been  graphically  elucidated.  This  has  somewhat 
expanded  the  volume,  without  materially  increasing  the 
time  required  to  finish  it.  The  exercises,  also,  have 
been  carefully  recast. 

In  these  days  of  advancing  requisitions  at  the  col- 
leges, the  sooner  a  pupil  can  be  adequately  fitted  to 
begin  the  classic  authors  on  which  he  is  to  be  exam- 
ined, the  better.  The  classic  author  is  also  the  best 
sort  of  Latin  reader.  And  the  sooner  that  a  pupil  can 
be  fitly  advanced  from  the  necessary  "hash"  of  an  exer- 
cise-book to  the  reading  of  continuous  narrative,  the 
better  for  his  interest  in  study.  With  this  in  mind, 
the  authors  aim  has  been  so  to  combine  thoroughness 
with  expedition,  as  to  give  the  beginner  everything 
that  is  necessary,  and  nothing  more  than  is-  necessary, 
for  introduction  to  an  easy  portion  of  Caesar's  Gallic 
War. 

Part  Second  is  intended  as  a  manual  for  daily  use 
after  the  pupil  has  begun  to  read  Caesar. 

As  a  good  sequel  to  this  book,  especially  for  younger 
pupils,  I  commend  a  small  volume  of  extracts  from 
Caesar,  entitled  Cesar's  Invasion  of  Britain,  published 
by  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Company,  London  and  New 
York. 

J.  M.  W. 

MARCH,  1886. 


Jlftg  little 


PART   I. 


SIX  WEEKS'   PREPARATION   FOR 
READING  C^SAR. 


SIX  WEEKS'  PREPARATION 

FOR 

READING   C^SAR. 

PRELIMINARY. 

The  numerical  references  are  to  Allen  &  Greenough's  Gram- 
mar, except  those  preceded  by  G.,  for  Gildersleeve's,  and  H.,  for 
Harkness's. 

Learn  the  Roman  Method  of  pronouncing  Latin  and 
the  rules  for  Syllables,  Quantity,  and  Accent  ',  14,  16,  18, 
19;  G.  3,4,7.  8-J4;  H-  s-8. 

What  is  Inflection?    20;  G.  16;  H.  (Declension)j|.6. 

What  is  the  Stem  f    21;  G.  24;  H.  46. 

What  are  the  Cases,  their  use  and  signification?  31  ; 
G.  21,  22; 


NOTE:  In  the  following  pages,  except  in  syllables 
long  by  position,  a  vowel  not  marked  as  long  may  be 
pronounced  as  short.  But  when  the  quantity  is  marked 
in  the  paradigms  of  the  grammar,  it  is  expected  that  it 
will  be  learned  as  one  of  the  elements  of  the  word-form. 
Vowels  thus  marked  are  therefore,  for  the  most  part, 
not  marked  in  this  book. 

I.  —  NOUNS  OF  THE  VOWEL  DECLENSION. 
1.    Stems  in  A. 

Learn  the  paradigm  Stella,  35  ;  or  mensa,  G.  27  ; 

H.  48. 

Learn  the  case-endings  of  the  paradigm  separately. 
In  A.  &  G.  and  H.  these  are  indicated  by  bold  type. 


io  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

Like  the  paradigm,  decline  the  following  nouns :  — 
English  words  derived  from  the  Latin  are  indicated  by  a  f,  or 
are  enclosed  in  brackets. 

silva,  forest,  [savage].        ripa,  bank,  [riparian]. 

fossa,  ditch.  cur  a,  care,\  [curate], 

causa,  cause. \  fuga, flight,  [fugacious]. 

pugna,y^/,  [pugnacious],  via,  way. 

porta,  gate,  [portal].  mora,  delay. 

summa;  .raw.-f  poena,  punishment, 

[penal], 

puella,  girl.  copiae  (plural),  forces, 

[copious] . 

The  above,  and  most  other  nouns  in  -a  of  the  First 
Declension,  are  of  the  feminine  gender ;  that  is,  they 
require  an  adjective  connected  with  them  to  have  the 
feminine  form. 

Write  the  case-endings  in  column,  and  mark  the 
quantity  of  their  vowels. 

REMARK  i .  By  quantity  in  Latin  grammar,  is  meant 
the  quantity  of  time  required  in  pronouncing  a  vowel. 
A  long  vowel  requires  twice  the  time  of  a  short  vowel. 
The  difference  of  time,  that  is,  of  quantity,  between  a 
long  and  a  short  vowel  is  like  that  between  a  quarter- 
note  and  an  eighth  in  music. 

REMARK  2.  It  is  the  endings  of  inflected  words 
which  give  varied  meanings  to  the  stem.  Hence  the 
importance  of  thorough  familiarity  with  the  endings. 
Remember  that 

the  Genitive  ending  =  the  English  Possessive ;  or  the 

preposition  of. 

"    Dative        "       -=to,mfor. 
"    Ablative      "       =ivtth,  by^  in,  or  on. 
Other  meanings  of  these  cases  will  appear  subsequently. 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  1 1 

The  Vocative  (from  voco,  I  call)  is  the  case  in  which 
a  person  addressed  is  called  by  name.  It  is  rarely  used, 
except  with  names  of  persons. 

REMARK  3.  The  Latin  has  no  article.  Causa  may 
be  translated  cause,  a  cause,  or  the  cause,  according  to 
the  connection  and  the  required  sense. 

In  translating  Exercises  1-6,  distinguish  nominative  and  ac- 
cusative cases  as  respectively  subject  and  object.  Thus,  causa, 
cause  (subject)  ;  causam,  cause  (object).  Observe  a  as  the 
ablative  sign. 

In  Exercises  I,  3,  5,  some  forms,  as  they  belong  to  more  than 
one  case,  may  be  variously  translated.  Thus,  causae  may  be 
either  the  gen.  or  dat.  sing.,  or  the  nom.  or  voc.  pi.  But  when 
connected  with  other  words  in  a  sentence,  the  case  is  determined 
and  the  meaning  definite. 

REMARK  4.  The  ablative  causa,  with  a  genitive, 
means  on  account  of  or  for  the  sake  of,  and  should 
stand  after  the  genitive. 

RULE  OF  SYNTAX  1,  A  noun  limiting  or  defining  a 
noun  which  denotes  a  different  thing,  is  put  in  the 
genitive  ;  as,  poenae  mora,  the  delay  of  punishment. 

Exercise  1. 

Translate:  —  1Portarum.  2Pugna.  8 Causae.  4Fos- 
sas.  6Silvam.  6Portas.  7Silvis.  8Causarum.  9Ripae. 
10  Moras.  nSummas.  12Mora.  13Ripis.  14Copiarum 
summa.  15Pugnae  mora.  16Fossarum  ripas.  17Viae 
curam.  18  Pugnarum  causa.  19Portae  cura.  20Copia- 
rum  fuga.  21Puellae  causa.  ^Puellarum  poenam. 

Exercise  2. 

Translate  into  Latin :  —  l  Of  a  gate.  2  For  the  forces. 
8  By  delay.  4 By  a  fight.  6 Of  cares.  6 Causes  (subj.) . 
7  Ways  (obj.).  8By  the  banks  of  the  ditches.  9To 


12  Six   Weeks   Preparation 

the  flight  of  the  forces.  10  The  care  (subj.)  of  the  gate. 
11  The  cares  (obj.)  of  the  way.  12  On  account  of  the 
gates.  13For  the  sake  of  delay.  14For  the  sake  of 
punishment.  15  By  the  flight  of  the  girls. 

Suggestions.  Extempore  exercises  on  the  words  de- 
clined should  be  practised  so  far  as  possible. 

The  vocabularies  should  be  memorized,  and  con- 
stantly reviewed. 

Nouns  of  the  Vowel  Declension,  continued.    $ 
2.    Stems  in  O. 

Learn  the  paradigm,  servus,  38 ;  H.  51 ;  G.  hortus, 
29. 

Learn  the  case-endings  of  the  paradigm  separately. 
Like  the  paradigm,  decline  the  following  nouns :  — 

murus,  wall,  [im-mure].  filius,  son,  [filial]. 

vicus,  village.  annus,  year,  [annual], 

modus,  manner,  [mode].  Gallus,  a  Gaul. 

equus,  horse,  [equine] .  Ro maims,  a  Roman. 

servus,  servant,  [serf].  locus,  place,  [local]. 

numerus,  number. \  floca,  places  (in  geogra- 
gladius,  sword,  [glad-  plurJ  phy)> 

iator].  [loci,  places  (in  books). 

The  vocative  singular  of  filius  is  fill. 

The  plural  form  loca  is  the  same  in  the  nom.,  ace.,  and  voc. 

The  above,  and  most  other  nouns  in  -us  of  the 
Second  Declension,  are  of  the  masculine  gender ;  that 
is,  they  require  an  adjective  connected  with  them  to 
have  the  masculine  form. 

Write  the  case-endings,  and  mark  the  quantity  of 
their  vowels. 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  13 

REMARK  :  When  two  genitives  are  used  to  limit  the 
same  noun,  the  first  may  be  translated  by  the  English 
possessive,  and  the  second  by  the  prepositions  of  or 
for ;  as,  puellae  cura  equi,  tJu  girVs  care  of  (QY  for) 
the  horse.  The  first  of  these  genitives  is  called  subjec- 
tive, denoting  the  subject  which  performs  the  action 
expressed  by  the  noun ;  the  second,  objective,  denoting 
the  object  of  that  action. 

EULE  OF  SYNTAX  2,  Cause,  manner,  means,  instru- 
ment, are  expressed  by  the  Ablative;  as,  Gallorum 
causa,  on  account  of  the  Gauls ;  poenae  modo,  in  the 
manner  of  punishment ;  f  ugae  mora,  by  delay  of  flight ; 
gladio,  with  a  sword. 

Exercise  3. 

Translate :  — 1  Gallorum  vicos.  2  Anni  mora.  8  Pug- 
nae  modum.  4Muri  cura.  6Anno.  6/Vici  causa. 
7Numero.  8  Copiarum  loco.  9Equorum  curae.  10  Ro- 
manorum  filiis.  n  Equi  fuga.  12  Pugnarum  loca. 
13Galli  moram.  14  Servorum  fuga.  15Servi  curas. 
16  Servi  curam  equi.  17  Gladio.  18  Gladiis.  19Fos- 
sarum  ripas.  2°  Fugae  modo.  21  Puellarum  modo. 
22Romani  cura  gladii.  28  Poenae  loco. 

Exercise  4. 

Translate  into  Latin:  — *  The  swords  (obj.)  of  the 
Romans.  2  With  the  servant's  sword.  8  For  the  Gauls' 
villages.  4To  the  Gaul's  horse.  6In  the  manner  of 
(or,  like)  a  fight.  6In  the  place  of  a  horse.  7By  the 
Romans'  delay.  8  By  the  Roman's  flight.  9  In  num- 
ber.- 10The  care  (obj.)  of  the  wall.  nThe  son's  cares. 
12  Thou  son.  13Ye  sons.  14The  Romans'  care  for 
(of)  the  wall.  15  Like^a  punishment.  16  The  Gauls' 
care  for  (of)  the  horses. 

A 


14  Six    Weeks'  Preparation 

Stems  in  O,  continued. 

Learn  the  paradigms,  puer,  [puerile]  ;  ager,  38 ; 
0.31;  H.  51. 

Like  puer,  decline  vir,  man,  gen.  viri,  [virile]. 

Like  the  plural  of  puer,  decline  liberi,  children. 

The  above  are  all  of  the  masculine  gender. 

Learn  also  the  paradigm,  bellum,  38 ;  G.  29 ;  H. 
templum,  51. 

Like  bellum,  decline  the  following  nouns  :  — 

imperium,  command,  empire. ,f  proelium,  battle. 

initium,  beginning,  [initial].  scutum,  shield. 

oppidum,  town.  vallum,  rampart. 

periculum,  danger,  [peril].  arma  (plur.),  arms.^ 

pilum,  javelin.  castra  (plur.),  camp. 
praesidium,  defence. 

The  nouns  in  the  above  vocabulary,  and  all  nouns 
in  -um  of  the  Second  Declension,  are  of  the  neuter 
gender. 

Write  the  case-endings  of  all  the  paradigms,  and 
mark  the  quantity  of  their  vowels. 

REMARK  :  If  the  nominative  singular  ends  in  -um, 
the  nominative  plural  ends  in  -a,  and  vice  versa. 

What  three  cases  of  neuter  nouns  have  the  same 
ending? 

CAUTION  :  Do  not  translate  castra  by  camps.  Cas- 
tra is  plural  in  form,  but  singular  in  meaning.  Com- 
pare the  English  word  wages. 

RULE  OF  SYNTAX  3,  Time  when  and  place  where 
are  expressed  by  the  Ablative ;  as,  initio  anni,  in  the 
beginning  of  the  year ;  castris,  in  the  camp. 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  15 

Exercise  5* 

Translate : — *  Gallorum  agri.  2  Initio  belli.  8  Oppidi 
murum.  4  Scutis  *  et  pilis.  6  Oppidorum  fossas  et 
valla.  6  Initia  morae.  7  Praesidii  causa.  8  Viri  liberos. 
9  Belli  mora.  10  Servi  curas  puerorum.  n  Oppidi  prae- 
sidia.  12  Scutorum  numerum.  13  Castrorum  modo. 
14Proelii  initio.  15Agri  curam.  16Viros  et  pueros. 
17  Viri  gladium.  18  Romanorum  imperio.  19  Proelii 
pericula.  m  Puellarum  periculis.  21  Romanorum  curam 
imperii. 

Exercise  6. 

Translate  into  Latin :  — 1  The  defences  of  the  town. 
2  In  the  beginning  of  the  war.  8With  the  Romans' 
shields  and  javelins.  4The  Romans'  care  (subj.)  of 
the  empire.  6  For  the  sake  of  defence.  6  To  the  fields 
of  the  Gauls.  7  By  the  dangers  of  war.  8  The  manner 
(obj.)  of  battle.  9  In  the  place  of  a  servant.  10  With 
the  arms  of  boys  and  men.  n  For  the  sake  of  the  chil- 
dren. 12  In  the  beginning  of  the  year.  13  By  the  delay 
of  the  boy.  14  To  ,the  care  of  the  ditch  and  the  ram- 
part. 15  A  number  (obj.)  of  swords  and  shields.  16  In 
the  manner  of  a  camp.  17  Like  a  battle.  18  By  flight 
from  (of)  dangers. 

II.  —  VERBS  OF  THE  VOWEL  CONJUGATION. 

The  inflection  of  nouns  is  termed  declension ;  the  in- 
flection of  verbs  is  termed  conjugation. 

How  are  the  Four  Conjugations  respectively  distin- 
guished? 122  a. ;  G.  116,  117;  H.  201. 

The  inflection  of  the  verb-stem  is  effected  by  (i) 
Personal  Endings;  (2)  Signs  of  System,  Tense,  and 
Mood;  (3)  Connecting  Vowels. 

*  et,  conjunction,  =  and. 


1 6  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

Suggestion.  Familiarity  with  the  few  syllables  and 
letters  which  form  the  Signs  of  Tense  and  Mood,  and 
the  Personal  Endings,  gives  mastery  of  whatever  diffi- 
culty there  is  in  the  Latin  Verb.  These,  therefore, 
should  now  be  as  thoroughly  learned  as  the  multiplica- 
tion table  is  by  a  beginner  in  arithmetic. 

The  persons,  /,  we,  you,  he,  they,  are  not  expressed 
in  Latin  by  the  Personal  Pronouns,  except  when  em- 
phasis or  distinction  is  intended.  Generally,  they  are 
expressed  by  the  personal  endings  attached  to  the 
stem.  These  endings  are  mostly  fragments  or  relics 
of  the  original  pronouns. 

Personal  Endings  of  the  Active  Voice. 

INDICATIVE  AND  SUBJUNCTIVE. 
Singular.  Plural. 

-m,  -o,  -i,  /    (i)  -mus,  we. 

-a;  perfect, -sti;  thou  (2)  -tis;   perfect,  -stis ;  you. 

-t,  he   (3)  -nt ;  perfect,  -erunt,  -ere,  they. 

IMPERATIVE. 

wanting.  (2)  -te ;  future,  -tote,  you. 

-to,  he.  (3)  -nto,  they. 

Refer  to  the  paradigm  of  the  stem  ama-,  p.  76 ;  G. 
119,  120;  H.  205. 

fthe  English,   he  loves,  we  love,       they  love. 

Compare  <  loves-he,       love  -  we,          love-they. 

[the  Latin,       ama-t,      ama-mus,    ama-nt. 

REMARK  :  These  endings  are  the  same  through  all 
the  moods  and  tenses  of  all  the  four  conjugations. 
The  infinitive  mood  only  is  without  them,  and  hence 
is  called  infinitive,  or  unlimited. 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  17 

Between  the  personal  endings  and  the  stem  come 
the  Signs  of  System,  Tense,  and  Mood. 

The  Perfect  System  of  tenses,  including  all  perfects, 
pluperfects,  and  future  perfects  of  the  Active  Voice,  is, 
in  the  A,  E,  and  I  Conjugations,  distinguished  by  the 
addition  of  v  to  the  verb-stem. 

So  in  English  the  perfect  or  preterit  adds  -d  or  -cd  to  the 
present. 

Table  of  the  Tense  and  Mood  Signs,  Active. 

Indicative.  Subjunctive. 

Present,  .  -e-,  may  or  let. 

Imperfect,  -ba-,  was.  -re-,  should  or  would. 

Future,  -bi-,  shall  or  will.  . 

Perfect, .  -eri-,*  may  have. 

Pluperfect,  -era-,  had.  -isse-,  should  or 'would have. 
Future  Perfect,  -eri-, shall} 
or  will  have.                  ) 

Infinitive. 

Present,  -re,  to.  Perfect,  -isse,  to  have. 

Observe  that  the  present  and  perfect  infinitive  are  the  same, 
respectively,  as  the  imperfect  and  pluperfect  subjunctive,  without 
personal  endings.  Also  that  the  imperative  present,  singular, 
ama,  is  the  same  as  the  verb-stem. 

Refer  again  to  the  paradigm  of  the  stem  ama-,  and 
compare  the  English,  we  were  loving,  you  will  love, 

loving-iv  ere-we  i  love -will -you. 

with  the  Latin,  ama-ba-mus,        ama-bi'-tis. 

So,  also,  compare  — 

we    had    loved,     you  would  have  loved, 

love  -  d-had  -  we,        love    -    d -would-have-you. 

with     ama-v-era-mus,     ama  -  v  -    isse  -  tis. 

*  The  beginner  will  seldom  meet  with  the  perfect  subjunctive. 


1 8  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

The  Gerund-ending  is  -nd-,  to  which  are  added 
four  case-endings  of  the  Second  Declension,  singular ; 
-i,  -o,  -urn,  -o. 

1.    Steins  in  A. 

Learn  the  paradigm  amo,  Active  Voice,  pp.  76,  77 ; 
G.  119,  120;  H.  205. 

Write  the  same,  marking  the  quantity  of  the  vowels 
as  in  the  grammar. 
Translate  the  — 

present,  amo,  I  am  loving,  01  Hove. 
imperfect,  amabam,  I  was  loving,  or  I  loved. 
perfect,  amavi,  I  have  loved,  or  I  loved. 
Observe  that  the  ending  -is,  found  thus  far  to  be  long  in 
nouns,  is  short  in  the  paradigm  of  the  verb. 

Like  amo,  inflect  in  the  Active  Voice  — 
porto,  carry,  [porter],    paro,  prepare.^    pugno,^^/. 
(Stems,  porta-,  para-,  pugna-.) 

EULE  OF  SYNTAX  4,  The  Subject  of  a  verb  in  any 
mood  but  the  infinitive  is  in  the  Nominative ;  as,  equus 
portat,  the  horse  carries. 

EULE  OF  SYNTAX  5,  The  Direct  Object  of  the  ac- 
tion expressed  by  a  verb  is  in  the  Accusative ;  as, 
equus  virum  portat,  the  horse  carries  the  man. 

EULE  OF  SYNTAX  6,  The  Indirect  Object  (to  or  for 
which  a  thing  is,  or  is  done)  is  in  the  Dative ;  as, 
servo  poeiiam  parat,  he  prepares  punishment  for  the 
servant. 

Suggestion.  In  translating  a  Latin  sentence,  look 
first  for  the  verb.  If  its  ending  is  of  the  third  person, 
see  if  there  is  a  nominative  case  for  its  subject.  If 
not,  the  verb  is  the  first  word  to  be  translated. 


for  Reading  Cczsar.  19 

Observe  that  the  Latin  present  answers  equally  to 
the  simple  and  the  progressive  present  in  English; 
as,  pugnamus,  we  fight,  or  we  are  fighting. 

CAUTION  :  Do  not  translate  such  a  sentence  as  pueri 
amant,  the  boys  they  love.  Omit  the  they. 

Exercise  7. 

Translate:  —  iPortamus.  2Parant.  8Pugnavit.  4Por^ 
tate.  6  Paravistis.  6  Pugnabatis.  7  Parato.  8  Parando. 
9  Portabit.  10  Pugnaveritis.  n  Paravisse.  12  Pugna- 
rent.  13Galli  pugnaverunt.  14Romani  bellum  para-* 
bunt.  15  Romani  gladiis  pugnarent.  16  Equi  pueros 
portant.  17  Romanus  pugnandi  causa  pila  portabat. 
18  Gallorum  copiae  fugam  paravissent.  19  Equos  belli 
causa  parabimus.  2°  Proelii  causa  pila  paranto.  21  Gla- 
dios  et  scuta  portemus.  22  Servis  poenae  moram  para-, 
verit.  s3  Pericula  pueris  paras.  24  Puellas  equis  portare 
paraverant. 

The  Arrangement  of  Words. 

The  usual  arrangement  of  a  Latin  sentence  is  illus- 
trated in  the  preceding  Exercise.  The  subject ',  if  ex- 
pressed otherwise  than  by  the  personal  ending  of  the 
verb,  comes  first.  The  verb  comes  last,  preceded  by 
its  object,  or  objects,  direct  or  indirect,  and  by  its 
other  modifiers. 

Exercise  8. 

NOTE:  Translate  let,  with  the  first  person,  by  the  present 
subjunctive;  with  the  third  person,  by  the  present  subjunctive 
or  future  imperative.  The  milder  form  of  command  is  in  the 
subjunctive. 

Translate  into  Latin:  — 1  They  carry  arms.  2He 
would  have  prepared  defences.  3You  were  fighting 
with  swords.  4  The  horses  would  carry  the  boys  and 
girls.  6They  will  have  fought  with  javelins.  6The 


2O  Six   Weeks    Preparation 

forces  of  the  Romans  were  preparing  a  camp.     7In  the 
beginning  of  the  battle  they  will  prepare  (for)  flight. 

8  On  account  of  the  danger,  we  had  prepared  arms. 

9  The  Gauls  would  have  fought  for  the  sake  of  (their) 
children.      10  Fight   with   swords.      nLet  us   prepare 
ditches  and  ramparts.     l'2  Let  us  fight.     ls  Let  the  ser- 
vants carry  the  swords  and  shields. 

Distinctions  in  the  Use  of  the  Tenses. 

The  imperfect  indicative,  amabam,  denotes  an  ac- 
tion as  going  on  in  the  past :  /  loved,  in  the  sense  of 
/  was  loving. 

The  perfect  indicative,  amavi,  denotes  an  action  sim- 
ply as  past :  I  loved. 

The  perfect,  moreover,  denotes  an  action  as  com- 
pleted, either  in  past  or  in  present  time ;  as,  pugnavi, 
I  fought  (yesterday,  historical  perfect),  or  I  have  fought 
(to-day,  perfect  definite).  115;  G.  222,  227,231;  H. 
197,  198. 

Synopsis  of  Verb-Forms. 

See  Part  II.  for  the  tables  of  the  forms  of  the  pres- 
ent and  perfect  stems,  Active  Voice. 

Write  the  synopsis,  accordingly,  of  each  stem  that 
is  learned. 

Like  amo,  inflectMn  the  Active  Voice  — 
occupo,  seize i  [occupy],   conloco,  place,  [collocation]. 

impero,  command,  [imperative]. 
(Stems,  occupa-,  conloca-,  impera-.) 

REMARK:  After  impero,  the  person  to  'whom  the 
command  is  given  is  in  the  Dative,  as  the  indirect  ob- 
ject. 

Exercise  9. 

Translate :  —  a  Romani  Gallorum  oppida  bello  occu- 
paverant.  2Praesidia  conlocaremus.  3Servis  impera- 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  21 

vissemus.  4Gallorum  vices  occupate.  5Romanorum 
copiae  castra  Gallorum  occupaverunt.  6  Pueris  impera- 
visti.  7  Praesidia  conlocato.  8  Praesidii  causa  castra 
conloca.  9  Muros  occupando  bellum  paravit.  10  Im- 
perii  praesidia  paraverimus.  n  Pilis  pugnemus.  12  Puel- 
lis  periculorum  causa  fugam  imperaverat.  13Poenae 
moram  imperabimus.  14  Servus  initio  fugae  equum 
occupavit.  15Romani  initio  anni  Gallorum  oppida  occu- 
pare  parabant.  16  Castra  belli  modo  conlocant. 

Exercise  10. 

Translate  into  Latin:  — l Command  the  servants. 
2  You  have  prepared  defences  for  the  town.  8  The  Ro- 
mans were  seizing  the  villages  of  the  Gauls.  4By 
seizing  the  towns  they  were  preparing  defences.  5You 
will  place  a  camp  for  the  sake  of  defence.  6  We  had 
seized  the  Romans'  swords.  7  The  Romans  seize  the 
javelins.  8  You  were  placing  the  forces.  9  By  placing 
forces  they  prepared  to  seize  the  walls.  10  Let  the  ser- 
vants seize  the  horses.  n  In  the  beginning  of  the  bak 
tie  we  shall  seize  the  gates  of  the  camp.  12Let  us 
command  delay  of  battle.  13  He  is  preparing  to  place 
a  camp  in  the  manner  of  war. 

NOTE  :  The  exercises  which  are  lettered  a,  b,  etc.,  are 
for  those  pupils  only  who  need  more  practice  before 
advancing  further. 

Exercise  a  (optional). 

Translate :  — a  Puellae  fugam  parant.  2  Equi  pueros 
et  puellas  portabant.  8  Initia  belli  parabatis.  4  Moram 
parabit.  6  Pueris  et  puellis  equos  et  servos  paravimus. 
6Equorum  numerum  paraveramus.  7  Puellarum  cura 
equos  paraverat.  8Pueri  pugnavissent.  9  Roman! 


22  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

gladiis  et  pilis  pugnant.  10  Oppida  imperil  causa  occu- 
pavistis.  nMoram  poenae  pararemus.  12Fugam, 
pueri,  paremus.  13  Fugam,  puellae,  parate. 

Exercise  6  (optional}. 

Translate  into  Latin  :  —  *  You  have  seized  the  empire. 
2  They  will  fight  for  the  sake  of  the  empire.  8The  care 
of  the  servants  will  have  prepared  the  horses.  4The 
boys  were  fighting.  6  Seize  the  horses,  ye  servants. 
6  The  man's  horses  would  have  carried  the  boys  and 
girls.  7The  men  are  preparing  punishments  for  the 
servants.  8In  the  beginning  of  the  battle  we  shall 
prepare  to  seize  the  camp  of  the  Gauls.  9  The  horses 
were  carrying  a  number  of  arms.  10  We  would  have 
commanded  the  boys  and  girls.  u  The  Romans  have 
prepared  to  seize  the  children  of  the  Gauls.  12By 
seizing  the  towns  they  prepared  defences  for  (of)  the 
empire.  13  Prepare  to  seize  the  camp  and  the  arms  of 
the  Gauls. 

Exercise  c  (optional). 

Translate  into  Latin :  — 1  We  would  have  seized  the 
fields  of  the  Gauls.  2  Let  us  prepare  defences  for  the 
towns.  3You  would  have  placed  the  forces.  4You 
have  commanded  delay  of  flight.  5  By  seizing  a  place 
for  a  camp  they  will  have  prepared  defence.  6Let 
us  prepare  punishment  for  the  Gauls.  7  The  servants 
would  have  carried  the  man's  children.  8They  had 
prepared  to  carry  a  number  of  boys.  9  Prepare  places 
for  the  boys  and  girls.  10  They  had  carried  swords  for 
the  sake  of  defence.  n  We  shall  have  seized  the  Gauls' 
children.  12  He  will  have  prepared  to  seize  a  number 
of  horses.  13  Seize  the  walls  of  the  towns.  14In  the 
beginning  of  the  year  we  shall  prepare  to  place  a  camp. 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  23 

Verbs  of  the  Vowel  Conjugation,  continued. 

2.    Stems  in  E. 

For  one  who  has  mastered  the  First,  or  A,  Conjuga- 
tion, the  regular  forms  of  the  Second  and  Fourth,  B 
and  I,  present  no  difficulty. 

The  Second,  or  E,  Conjugation  has  these  peculiari- 
ties :  — 

(1)  The  tense-sign  of  the  present  subjunctive  is  a, 
not  e,  as  in  the  First.     Refer  to  the  paradigm,  p.  80 ;  G. 
123;  H.  207,  and  compare  mone-a-m,  etc.,  with  am- 
e-m,  etc. 

(2)  Furthermore,  the  indicative  present  tense,  I  sing., 
retains   the   stem-vowel,  which   in   the   First   is   lost. 
Compare  mone-o  with  am-o. 

For  the  rest,  the  regular  forms  of  the  Second  Conju- 
gation may  be  obtained  from  the  paradigm  of  the  First 
Conjugation,  by  simply  substituting  the  stem  in  e  for 
the  stem  in  a.  This  is  better  than  to  learn  morieo, 
whose  forms,  in  the  perfect  system,  are  less  regular. 

Thus  inflect  in  the  Second  Conjugation,  Active,  — 
fLeOiVueepiiveep-for.    compleo,y£//,y£#zj^,  [complete]. 

deleo,  destroy. 
(Stems,  fle-,  comple-,  dele-.) 

Most  verbs  of  the  Second  Conjugation  follow  the  formation 
of  moneo. 

It  is  important,  however,  first  to  master  the  regular  forms. 

3.    Stems  in  I. 

The  Fourth,  or  I,  Conjugation  may  be  most  easily 
learned  in  the  same  way  as  the  Second. 

It  forms  the  present  subjunctive  with  the  tense-sign, 
a,  like  the  Second.  It  likewise  retains  the  stem-vowel 
in  the  present  indicative,  i  sing.,  audi-o. 


24  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

(1)  But  it  forms  the  future  indicative,  unlike  both 
the  First  and  Second,  with  the  tense-sign  e,  instead  of 
bi.    Refer  to  the  paradigm,  p.  86 ;  G.  135  ;  H.  21 1,  and 
compare          audi-e-mus,  audi-e-tis,  etc., 
with                 ama-bi-mus,            ama-bi-tis,  etc., 

and  dele-bi-mus,  dele-bi-tis,  etc. 

A  further  peculiarity  of  this  Fourth  future  is,  that  it 
borrows  its  first  person  singular,  audi-a-m,  from  the 
present  subjunctive. 

(2)  The  only  other  new  feature  apparent  in  the 
Fourth  Conjugation  is  its  connecting  vowels,  u  and  e. 
The  connecting  vowel  u  is  inserted  between  the  stem 
and  the  personal  ending  in  the  third  person  plural  of 
the  present  indicative  and  future  imperative.     The 
connecting  vowel  e  is  inserted  between  the  stem  and 
the  tense-sign  of  the  imperfect  indicative,  also  in  the 
present  participle  and  gerund.    Refer  to  the  paradigm, 
and  see  audi-u-nt,  instead  of  audi-nt;  audi-u-nto,  not 
audi-nto;  audi-e-bam,  not  audi-bam;  audi-e-ns,  not 
audi-ns ;  audi-e-ndi,  not  audi-ndi. 

Carefully  noting  these  peculiarities,  the  other  forms 
of  the  Fourth  Conjugation  may,  like  those  of  the 
Second,  be  obtained  from  the  paradigm  of  the  First 
Conjugation,  by  simply  substituting  the  stem  in  i  for 
the  stem  in  a. 

The  beginner  will  do  well  to  inflect  the  verb  audio, 
hear  (stem  audi-),  in  this  way,  merely  referring  to  the 
paradigm  for  the  correction  of  a  possible  error. 

Like  audio  [audience],  inflect  in  the  Fourth  Conju- 
gation, Active  — 

munio,  [munition],  fortify  (stem,  muni-). 

Write  in  parallel  columns  the  synopsis  of  the  present 
system,  and  then  of  the  perfect  system,  of  a  verb  of 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  25 

each  of  the  three  conjugations,  marking  the  quantity  of 
the  vowels,  as  in  the  grammar. 

Observe  that  the  ending  -is,  short  in  verbs  thus  far,  is  long  in 
the  present  indicative,  2  sing.,  of  the  I  conjugation  (audis). 

RULE  OF  SYNTAX  7,  The  subject  of  the  infinitive 
mood  is  in  the  Accusative  ;  as,  pueros  pugnare  audit, 
he  hears  that  the  boys  fight,  or  are  fighting. 

REMARK  i.  The  example  just  given,  translated  lit- 
erally, would  signify,  he  hears  the  boys  to  fight.  We 
make  better  English  of  it  by  omitting  the  sign,  to,  of 
the  infinitive,  and  inserting  that. 

CAUTION  :  The  word  THAT  must  be  supplied  in  trans- 
lating before  the  accusative  which  is  the  subject  of  an 
infinitive. 

RULE  OF  SYNTAX  8.  Verbs  of  hearing,  seeing,  know- 
ing, and  telling  are  followed  by  the  infinitive  with  a 
subject-accusative,  to  describe  a  fact ;  as,  pueros  pug- 
nare audivit,  he  heard  that  the  boys  fought,  or  were 
fighting. 

REMARK  2.  The  pupil  will  observe,  on  comparing 
the  examples  under  Rules  7  and  8,  that  the  change  of 
the  leading  verb  from  present  to  past  time  requires  a 
change  of  the  Latin  infinitive,*  in  translation,  from  the 
present  to  the  imperfect  tense  of  the  English  indica- 
tive. 

*  The  infinitive  has  only  three  tenses,  while  the  indicative  has  six. 
The  present  infinitive  in  Latin  may  stand  for  either  the  present  or  the 
imperfect  indicative  in  English;  so,  too,  the  Latin  perfect  infinitive  for 
the  English  perfect  or  pluperfect  indicative,  accordingly  as  the  leading 
verb  denotes  present  or  past  time. 


26  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

Exercise  11. 

Translate :  —  *  Fossas  complent.  2  Castra  belli  modo 
munient.  3Oppidum  muniunt.  4  Locum  munirent. 
6Muros  delebitis.  6  Castra  munietis.  7  Initio  belli 
portas  muniebatis.  8  Vicos  delebatis.  9  Gallorum 
liberi  flebant.  10Romani  Gallos  oppida  munire  audi- 
verunt.  n  Audiebamus  Romanes  loca  occupare,  *  castra 
munire.  12  Oppida  muris  muniverant.  13  Scutis,  * 
pilis,  *  gladiis,  castra  compleverant.  14 Castra  muni- 
unto.  15  Romanorum  copias  delere  parate.  16  Romani 
Gallis  imperabunt.  17  Servi  curam  equorum  audiamus. 
18  Puellae  puerorum  pericula  fleverunt.  19  Galli  oppida 
muniendo  moram  belli  paravissent.  2Q  Romanes  Gallo- 
rum agros  occupavisse  audiemus. 

Exercise  12. 

Translate  into  Latin :  — 1  The  forces  of  the  Romans 
will  destroy  the  villages  of  the  Gauls.  2They  have 
filled  the  camp  with  swords,  javelins  (and)  shields. 
8Letf  the  men  fill  the  town  with  arms.  4We  wept  for 
the  punishment  of  the  servants.  6  They  had  destroyed 
the  camp  of  the  Romans.  6They  are  fortifying  the 
town  with  a  wall.  7  The  boys  will  hear  and  (will) 
weep.  8  Let  us  hear-of  J  the  battles  of  the  Romans  for 
the  sake  of  empire.  9  Hear-of  the  dangers  of  the  way, 
and  carry  arms.  10  We  hear  that  the  Gauls  are  fortify- 
ing the  town  with  a  wall.  nYou  will  hear  that  the 
Romans  have  destroyed  the  towns  of  the  Gauls.  12  He 
heard  that  the  Gauls  had  filled  §  the  ditches,  and  were 
preparing  ||  to  destroy  the  rampart. 

*  Supply  et. 

|  See  NOTE,  preceding  Exercise  8. 

\  audio  =  to  hear-of. 

§  Perfect  infinitive,  to  denote  what  was  done  before  he  heard. 

||  Present  infinitive,  to  denote  what  was  going  on  while  he  heard* 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  27 

III.  —  CASES  WITH  PREPOSITIONS. 

(1)  When  to  means  towards,  or  motion  to,  it  is  not 
expressed  by  the  Dative,  but  by  the   Preposition   ad 
with  the  Accusative. 

(2)  When  with  means  together  with,  it  is  not  ex- 
pressed by  the  Ablative  alone,  but  by  the  Preposition 
cum  with  the  Ablative. 

(3)  Without  is  expressed  by  the   Preposition  sine 
with  the  Ablative. 

(4)  When  from  means  out  of,  or  from  out  of,  it  is 
not  expressed  by  the  Ablative  alone,  but  by  the  Prepo- 
sition 5  or  ex  with  the  Ablative. 

Use  e  before  words  beginning  with  a  consonant,  and  ex 
before  words  beginning  with  a  vowel.  Compare  the  English 
use  of  the  article  a  or  an. 

(5)  Place  in  or  on  is   commonly  expressed  by  the 
Preposition  in,  except  with  a  few  such  words  as  loco 
and  castris. 

(6)  Place  into  is  expressed  by  in  with  the  Accusa- 
tive. 

ad,  towards,  to.  in,  into,  in,  on. 

cum,  with,  together  with.  non,  not  (adv.). 

sine,  without.  -que,  and  (conj.). 

e,  ex,  out  of,  from.  sed,  but  (conj.). 

-que  never  stands  alone,  but  is  always  added  as  an  extra  syl- 
lable to  the  word  which,  in  English,  follows  and.  -que  can  be 
used  when  et  would  have  to  be  omitted;  as,  scutis,  pilis, 
gladiisque  castra  compleverant.  See  Exercise  n. 

He  fights  on  horseback,     ex  equo  pugnat. 
They  fight  on  horseback,     ex  equis  pugnant. 

Exercise  13. 

Translate  :  —  a  Castra  vallo  fossaque  sine  mora  mu- 
niemus.  2Galli  non  sine  causa  locum  in  silvis  munie- 


28  Six   Weeks   Preparation 

bant.  8  Oppida  muris  fossisque  munite.  4  Gallos  ex 
equis  pugnare  audivimus.  6  Romanes  cum  Gallis  pug- 
navisse  audiebant.  6  Gallorum  fugam  e  castris  in  agros 
audiamus.  7  Gallos  ad  oppidum  arma  portare  audiunt. 
8  Oppida  muniendo  bellum  paraverunt.  9  Ex  agris  in 
oppidum  scuta  gladiosque  portavissent.  10Castra  in 
ripa  muniremus. 

Exercise  14. 

Translate  into  Latin :  — x  We  were  fortifying  a  place 
for  (of)  battle  in  the  woods.  2  The  Gauls  were  prepar- 
ing to  fight  on  horseback.  3We  will  not  fortify,  but 
will  destroy  the  towns.  4  They  were  carrying  arms  out 
of  the  villages  into  the  camp.  6The  Romans  fought 
with  the  Gauls  without  cause.  6  Seize  a  place,  fortify  a 
camp,  prepare  defences.  7  We  hear  that  the  Gauls  are 
preparing  war.  8We  heard  that  the  Gauls  were  pre- 
paring war.  9  You  will  hear  that  the  Gauls  are  destroy- 
ing the  villages,  and  carrying  arms  into  the  towns. 
10  We  would  have  fortified  the  gates,  and  carried  arms 
to  the  wall.  n  We  had  heard  of  the  man's  flight  to  the 
gates  of  the  town. 

IV.-— THE  COPULA  Sum. 

The  verb  sum,  I  am,  is  called  the  Copula,  because  it 
is  used  most  frequently  to  couple  the  subject  and  the 
predicate ;  as,  oppidum  est  munitum,  the  town  is 
fortified. 

Many  tenses  of  the  verb,  especially  in  the  Passive 
Voice,  are  thus  formed  by  sum  coupling  a  predicate 
participle  with  its  subject. 

Though  sum  is  irregular,  it  will  be  greatly  simpli- 
fied for  the  beginner,  if  attention  is  given  to  two  par- 
ticulars. 


for  Reading  Casar.  29 

(1)  Refer  to  the  paradigm,  1 19 ;  G.  1 12  ;  H.  204,  and 
observe  the  tenses  of  the  perfect  system,  fui,  fueram, 
etc.     If  in  these  v-  be  substituted  for  fu-,  we  shall  rec- 
ognize the  already  familiar  forms  of  the  perfect  system 
of  the  regular  verb,  -vi,  -veram,  etc. 

It  is  supposed  that  vi  is  only  another  form  of  fui,  and  that 
ama-vi  =  ama-f ui. 

(2)  The  imperfect  and  the  future,  indicative,  eram, 
etc.,  ero,  etc.,  have  already  done  duty  for  us  as  the 
tense-signs  of  the  pluperfect  and  future  perfect  of  the 
regular  verb.      Likewise,   the    imperfect    subjunctive, 
essem,  etc.,  as  tense-sign  of  the  pluperfect  subjunc- 
tive (isse  =  esse). 

But  observe  that  the  future  3d  plur.  is  erunt,  not  erint  as 
in  the  future  perfect. 

All  that  remains  unfamiliar,  and  requires  a  special 
exercise  of  memory,  appears  in  the  present  indicative 
and  subjunctive,  the  present  and  future  imperative,  the 
infinitive,  and  the  participle. 

The  paradigm  of  sum  should  now  be  learned. 

Observe  that,  as  in  the  regular  verb,  the  present  and  perfect 
infinitive  are  the  same  as  the  imperfect  and  pluperfect  subjunc- 
tive without  the  personal  ending. 

V.  —  ADJECTIVES  OF  THE  VOWEL  DECLENSION. 
Stems  in  O  and  A. 

We  have  here  only  a  repetition  of  what  has  been 
learned  of  Nouns.  In  the  Vowel  (First  and  Second) 
Declension,  the  form  of  the  Adjective  corresponds 
closely  to  that  of  the  Noun.  Review  here  the  tables 
of  case-endings  already  learned. 

Remember  that  nouns  in  -a  of  the  First  Declension 
are  of  the  feminine  gender,  and  that  nouns  of  the 


3O  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

Second  Declension  are  masculine,  except  those  ending 
in  -um,  which  are  neuter.  These  three  genders  require, 
in  the  Vowel  Declension,  three  corresponding  forms  of 
the  adjective. 

1.  Learn  the  paradigm  bonus,  [bonny],  81 ;  G.  33; 
H.  148. 

Suggestion.  It  is  convenient  to  condense  the  para- 
digms of  adjectives  thus  :  Nom.,  bonus,  -a,  -um ;  Gen., 
boni,  -ae,  -i ;  etc. 

Like  bonus,  good,  decline  — 

altus,  high,  deep,  [altitude] . 

latus,  wide,  broad,  [latitude]. 

meus  (voc.  sing,  masc.,  mi),  ;///. 

tuus,  thy  or  your  (referring  to  one  person). 

amatus,  beloved. 

completus,  full,  finished,  [complete] . 

munitus,  fortified. 

The  last  three  words  in  the  above  vocabulary  are  the  perfect 
participles  of  amo,  compleo,  and  munio,  respectively,  de- 
clined like  adjectives,  and  often  used  as  such.  In  like  manner 
are  declined  ail  perfect  participles ;  as,  paratus,  from  paro ; 
deletus,  from  deleo  ;  etc. 

2.  Learn  the  paradigm  miser,  [miserable],  82  ;  G.  34. 
Similarly  decline  liber,  free,  [liberty],  H.  149;  and 

asper,  rough,  severe,  [asperity] . 

In  these  three,  the  nominative  and  vocative  singular  mascu- 
line, like  the  paradigm  of  puer,  have  no  case-ending. 

3.  Like  the  paradigm  niger,  82,  or  piger,  G.  34,  de- 
cline the  following :  — 

aeger,  sick,  H.  150.  integer,  fresh,  unhurt,  [integral]. 
creber,  frequent.  noster,  our,  [nostrum]. 

vgster,  your  (referring  to  more  than  one  person). 

In  these,  e  is  everywhere  dropped  before  r,  as  in  the  paradigm 
ager,  except  in  the  nom.  and  voc.  sing,  masc.,  which  have  no 
case-ending. 


.for  Reading  Ccesar.  31 

EULE  OF  SYNTAX  9,  An  adjective  agrees  with  its 
Noun  in  Gender,  Number,  and  Case  ;  as,  servus  bonus, 
puella  bona,  initium  boiium. 

This  rule  includes  all  words  declined,  like  adjectives,  with 
more  than  one  set  of  endings. 

Example  of  the  Combined  Declension  of  an  Adjective 
and  Noun. 

murus  altus,  a  high  wall,  muri  alti,  high  walls. 

muri  alti,  of  a  high  wall,  murorum     altorum,     of 
niuro  alto,  to  a  high  wall.  high  walls. 

murum    altum,    a    high  muris  altis,  to  high  walls. 

wall.  muros  altos,  high  walls. 

mure  alte,  thou  high  wall,  muri  alti,  ye  high  walls. 

muro   alto,  with  a  high  muris    altis,    with    high 

wall.  walls. 

JSP  An  adjective  commonly  stands  after  its  noun,  but 
an  emphatic  adjective  usually  before  its  noun. 

Decline,  in  like  manner,  — 

silva  alta,  a  tall  forest.       locus  asper,  a  rough  place. 
vallum  latum,  a  wide       praesidium  nostrum,  our 

rampart.  defence. 

oppidum  munitum,  a       copiae      vestrae,     your 
fortified  town .  forces . 

Suggestion.  Exercises  in  combined  declension  should 
be  continually  practised,  until  the  rule  of  agreement 
becomes  perfectly  familiar. 

REMARK  i.  Adjectives  are  often  used  alone,  espe- 
cially in  the  plural  masculine,  agreeing  with  a  noun 
understood.  The  omitted  nouns  in  such  cases  signify 
men,  people,  soldiers,  friends,  etc.  Examples  :  boni, 
good  men ;  nostri,  our  soldiers  ;  etc. 


32  Six   Weeks   Preparation 

REMARK  2.  Instead  of  saying,  the  boy  has  a  horse, 
the  Romans  said,  a  horse  is  to  the  boy,  equus  puero 
est.  Hence,  — 

RULE  OF  SYNTAX  10,  Est,  aunt,  etc.,  when  denot- 
ing possession,  take  the  dative  of  the  possessor,  and 
the  nominative  of  the  thing  possessed. 

Such  sentences  must  be  turned  into  English  by  translating 
est,  etc.,  by  the  proper  tense  of  the  verb  have  with  the  dative  as 
its  subject-nominative. 

REMARK  3.  Words  modifying  an  adjective  or  parti- 
ciple stand  between  it  and  its  noun ;  as,  castra  in  sil- 
vis altis  conlocata,  a  camp  placed  in  deep  woods. 

PHRASES  :  mea  causa,  on  my  account,  for  my  sake. 
So  tut  causa,  nostra  causa,  for  your  sake,  for  our 
sake. 

Exercise  15* 

Translate :  — *  In  silvis  asperis  castra  munita  conlo- 
caverunt.  2Romani  libera  Gallorum  oppida  occupa- 
bunt.  8  Castra  vallo  fossaque  munita  in  silvis  altis 
fuerunt.  4Loca  nostra  in  muro  erunt.  6Nostri  non 
erant  integri.  6  Mea  causa  fugam  parabant.  7  Servum 
tuum  esse  aegrum  audis.  8  Gallos  ex  oppido  in  agros 
liberos  amatos  portare  audimus.  9  Pugnae  crebrae  Ro- 
manis  cum  Gallis  fuerant.  10Galli  copias  integras 
Romanis  esse  audiebant.  n  Nostri  oppidum  muro  alto 
munitum  armisque  completum  occupare  parant.  ^Nos- 
tra causa  ex  equo  pugnare  parabat.  18  Miseram  servo- 
rum  poenam  flebamus. 

Exercise  16* 

Translate  into  Latin :  — 1  The  wars  of  the  Romans 
with  the  Gauls  were  frequent  and  severe.  2  Destroy  the 
fortified  camp  of  the  Gauls.  8  We  shall  fortify  a  broad 


for  Reading  Cczsar.  33 

camp  with  a  high  rampart.  4The  free  towns  of  the 
Gauls,  fortified  with  walls  and  filled  with  arms,  will 
prepare  war.  5Our  (men)  were  not  fresh.  6Your 
defences  will  be  in  (your)  swords  and  shields.  7  Our 
town  has  a  high  wall.  8  Your  servants  had  fresh  horses. 

9  Our  (men)  will  have  a  severe  fight  with  the  Gauls. 

10  They  hear  that  the  way  is   rough.     n  Rough  ways 
prepare  frequent  delays.     12  The  good  men  wept-for  the 
miserable  punishment   of  their  beloved  sons.     13We 
have  heard  that  the  cares  of  empire  are  severe. 

VI.  —  THE  PASSIVE  VOICE. 

The  tenses  which  belong  to  the  Perfect  System  in 
the  Active  Voice  belong  to  the  so-called  Supine  Sys- 
tem in  the  Passive  Voice. 

The  Supine  Stem  of  the  A,  E,  and  I  conjugations 
adds  t  to  the  Present  Stem ;  as,  ama-t. 

Compare  with  this  the  English  perfect  participle  love-d. 

The  Perfect  Participle  adds  to  its  stem  thus  formed 
the  case-endings  of  the  Vowel  Declension,  First  and 
Second;  as,  amat-us,  -a,  -um;  delet-us,  -a,  -um; 
munit-us,  -a,  -um. 

The  Perfect  Participle  is  combined  with  the  pres- 
ent, imperfect,  and  future  of  sum  to  form  the  Perfect, 
Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect  tenses  of  the  Passive 
Voice. 

The  tenses  thus  formed  are  called  compound  tenses. 

Only  the  Present  System  of  the  Passive  has  its 
special  personal  endings.  The  tense  and  mood  signs 
of  this  system  are  the  same  in  the  Passive  as  in  the 
Active,  except  -ri  for  -re  in  the  infinitive. 


34  Six  Weeks'  Preparation 

Personal  Endings  of  the  Passive  Voice. 

INDICATIVE  AND  SUBJUNCTIVE. 

(Present  System.) 
Singular.  Plural. 

•r,  /  (i)         -mur,  we. 

-ris,  -re,  thou         (2)         -mini,  you. 
-tur,  he  (3)        -ntur,  they. 

IMPERATIVE. 

-re,  thou  (2)        -mini,  you. 

-tor,  he  (3)        -ntor,  they. 

Refer  to  the  paradigm,  and  compare  the  Passive 
Voice  with  the  Active  in  respect  to  the  personal  end- 
ings ;  thus :  — 

amo,        ama-mus,      ama-s,        ama-t,          ama-nt. 
amo-r,      ama-mur,      ama-ris,     ama-tur,     ama-ntur. 

What  appears  from  this  to  be  the  characteristic  letter 
of  the  Passive? 

1.  Learn  the  paradigm  of  the  Passive  Voice  of  amo, 
pp.  78,  79;  G.  121,  122;  H.  206. 

Observe  that  the  present  imperative  singular  of  the  Passive  is 
the  same  in  form  as  the  present  infinitive  of  the  Active. 

Like  amor  inflect  portor,  paror,  occupor. 

2.  The  Passive,  like  the  Active,  of  the  E  and  the  I 
Conjugation,  is  inflected,  in  verbs  of  the  regular  form, 
like  the  Passive  of  the  A  Conjugation,  with  the  excep- 
tions already  pointed  out  in  the  present  subjunctive  of 
the  E  and  I  stems,  and  the  future  indicative  and  the 
connecting  vowels  of  the  I  stems. 

Review  here  what  has  been  learned  of  the  deviations  of 
these  conjugations  in  the  Active  Voice  from  the  forms  of  the  A 
conjugation.  See  pages  23,  24. 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  35 

The  pupil  may  accordingly  inflect  the  passives  de- 
leor  and  audior  by  simply  substituting  the  stems  dele- 
and  audi-  for  the  stem  ama-,  referring  to  the  paradigms 
of  the  Second  and  Fourth  Conjugation  for  the  correc- 
tion of  possible  errors. 

Synopsis  of  Forms :  —  See  Part  II.  for  the  tables  of 
the  forms  of  the  present  and  supine  stems,  Passive 
Voice. 

Write  the  synopsis,  accordingly,  of  each  stem  that 
has  been  inflected  in  the  passive,  marking  'the  quantity 
of  the  vowels,  as  in  the  grammar. 

REMARK  :  It  is  important  for  the  pupil  to  note  the  fact  that 
the  English  verb  has  no  forms  to  express  incomplete  action  in 
the  passive  voice ;  none  exactly  corresponding  to  the  present, 
imperfect,  and  future  passive  of  the  Latin.  The  deficiency  is 
imperfectly  supplied  by  using  the  past  participle  in  -d,  which, 
however,  denotes  finished  rather  than  unfinished  action.  Thus, 
bellum  paratur  strictly  denotes,  war  is  in  process  of  prepara- 
tion ;  not,  is  prepared,  which  signifies  that  the  preparation  is 
already  complete.  So  fossa  complebatur  signifies,  the  ditch 
•was  in  process  of  filling  ;  not,  was  filled :  oppidum  munietur, 
the  town  will  be  in  process  of  fortification  ;  not,  will  be  fortified. 
The  only  avoidance  of  these  cumbrous  expressions,  which  con- 
sists with  expressing  the  incompleteness  of  the  action,  is  by  substi- 
tuting the  English  active  for  the  Latin  passive. 

Suggestion.  Practise  changing  the  forms  of  the 
active  into  the  corresponding  forms  of  the  passive, 
and  likewise  the  passive  forms  into  those  of  the  active. 

The  Principal  Parts  of  the  Verb. 

A  complete  verb  has  three  stems :  the  present  or 
verb-stem,  the  perfect  stem,  and  the  so-called  supine 
stem,  which  appears  oftenest  in  the  perfect  participle. 
The  conjugation  of  the  verb  is  shown  by  the  vowel 


36  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

before  -re  in  the  infinitive.  To  show  the  several  stems 
and  the  conjugation,  therefore,  these  four  principal 
parts  must  be  given:  the  present  indicative  and 
infinitive,  the  perfect  indicative  and  the  perfect  parti- 
ciple ;  as,  amo,  amare,  amavi,  amatus. 

In  like  manner  give  the  principal  parts  of  the  other 
verbs  that  have  been  learned. 

REMARK:  The  thing  by  which  is  expressed  by  the 
simple  Ablative ;  the  person  by  whom  is  expressed  by 
the  Preposition  a  or  ab  (Eng.  by)  with  the  Ablative. 
Hence,  — 

RULE  OF  SYNTAX  11,  The  Personal  Agent  required 
by  the  Passive  Voice  is  in  the  Ablative  with  a  or  ab  ; 
as,  murus  a  Romaiiis  deletus  est,  the  wall  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  Romans. 

Use  a  before  consonants,  ab  before  vowels,  similarly  to  e 
and  ex. 

Exercise  17. 

[For  the  sake  of  practice,  a  class  may  be  required  to  substitute 
for  single  sentences,  here  and  there,  in  the  remaining  Latin  exer- 
cises, one  or  more  sentences  of  their  own  composition,  using  the 
same  words  in  different  forms.] 

Translate :  — x  Arma  ex  agris  in  castra  munita  porta- 
bantur.  2Libera  Gallorum  oppida  non  sine  proeliis 
crebris  a  Romanis  deleta  sunt.  3Copiae  in  loco  alta 
silva  munito  erant  conlocatae.  4  Gallorum  agri  a  Ro- 
manis occupabuntur.  6Praesidia  belli  vestra  causa 
pararentur.  6  Oppidorum  muri  sine  mora  deleti  erunt. 
7  Fuga  tua  mea  mora  parata  erat.  8  Non  munientur 
oppida,  sed  delebuntur.  9  Periculum  nostrorum  audi- 
tum  est.  10  Oppida  armis  completa  deleantur.  n  Ser- 
vorum  poenae  auditae  sunt. 

[For  the  remaining  sentences,  consult  Tables  *  and  **,  follow- 
ing, and  REMARKS.] 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  37 

12Fossam  complere  *  est  occupare  oppidum.  13  Im- 
peril praesidia  oppidis  occupandis  *  conlocantur.  14  Bel- 
lum  armis  in  oppida  portandis  *  paretur.  15  Ex  equis 
a  Gallis  pugnabitur.**  16Gladiis  a  nostris  pugnatum 
est.** 

In  the  preceding  sentences,  oppidis  occupandis  [gerun- 
dive], is  equivalent  to  oppida  occupando  [gerund].  So 
armis  portandis  =  arma  portando.  See  Table  *  and  RE- 
MARKS. 

*  Table  of  Equivalent  Gerundial  Forms. 
[To  be  committed  to  memory.] 

[Observe  that  the  nominative  case  wanting  to  the 
gerund  is  supplied  by  the  infinitive  mood  used  as  a 
subject;  likewise  the  accusative  case  of  the  gerund, 
when  not  governed  by  a  preposition,  is  supplied  by  the 
infinitive,  either  as  object  or  subject  of  a  verb.] 

[NoM.   Filling  a  ditch  (infinitive),  fossam  complere]. 
GEN.      Of  filling  a  ditch,  fossam  complendi,  oftener 

fossae  complendae. 
DAT.      For  filling   a    ditch    [fossam    complendo], 

usually  fossae  complendae. 

[Ace.    Filling  a  ditch  (infinitive),  fossam  complere]. 
Ace.     after  a  preposition  [ad  fossam  complendum]. 

usually  ad  fossam  complendam. 
ABL.      By,  or  in,  filling  a  ditch,  fossam  complendo, 

usually  fossa  complenda. 

REMARK  i.  While  the  gerund,  used  in  only  four 
cases,  governs  its  noun  as  an  object,  the  gerundive 
(declined  like  bonus)  agrees,  like  an  adjective,  with  its 
noun. 


38  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

REMARK  2.  In  changing  the  gerund  form  to  the 
gerundive,  the  noun  takes  the  case  in  which  the  gerund 
stood,  and  takes  the  gerundive  into  agreement  with  it. 

Like  the  preceding,  construct  the  table  of  equivalent  gerun- 
dial  forms  in  the  plural. 

**  Table  of  the  Impersonal  Forms  of  an  Intran- 
sitive Verb. 

Indicative. 

PRES.  pugnatur,  a  fight  takes  place,  or  there  is 

fighting. 

IMPF.  pugnabatur,  a  fight  was  taking  place. 

FUT.  pugnabitur,  a  fight  will  take  place. 

HIST.  PF.    pugnatum  est,  a  fight  took  place. 
PLUP.  pugnatum  erat,  a  fight  had  taken  place. 

FUT.  PF.     pugnatum  erit,  a  fight  will  have  taken 

place. 

Similarly  to  the  foregoing  construct  the  table  of  the  imper- 
sonal forms  of  the  same  verb  in  the  subjunctive  and  infinitive. 

REMARK  :  In  translating  English  into  Latin  there  is 
sometimes  the  option  of  using  either  the  impersonal  or 
the  personal  form.  Example  :  — 

_  . , .        <  nostri  pugnabant. 
Oiir  men  were  fighting,  \ 

\  a  nostris  pugnabatur. 

Exercise  18. 

[Instead  of  the  gerund,  use  henceforth  the  gerundive.] 

Translate  into  Latin :  —  1We  shall  be  carried  to  the 
gates.  2The  camp  will  have  been  fortified  with  a  high 
rampart  and  a  wide  ditch.  8Our  forces  would  have 
been  prepared  to  seize  the  wretched  villages  of  the 
Gauls.  4  Defences  will  be  prepared  by  the  free  towns 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  39 

of  the  Gauls.  5The  villages  of  the  Gauls  will  be 
destroyed  by  the  forces  of  the  Romans.  6Not  flight, 
but  defences  are  preparing.  7  A  place  for  (of)  battle 
might  have  been  seized  without  flight.  8  By  carrying  * 
arms  out  of  the  gates  of  the  town  into  a  fortified  camp 
defences  would  have  been  prepared.  9  By  filling  *  the 
ditches  the  camp  will  be  seized  without  a  battle. 
10  The  towns,  fortified  with  high  walls,  and  filled  with 
arms,  will  be  destroyed  by  the  fresh  forces  of  the  Ro- 
mans. nThe  flight  of  our  (men)  will  be  heard  (of). 

12  The    Romans    fought  f   with    swords   and  javelins. 

13  There-was-fighting  \  in  rough  woods.     14  There-will- 
be-a-fight  on  horseback.     15  Fortifying  §  a  camp  is  pre- 
paring defence  [literally,  To  fortify  a  camp  is  to  prepare 
defence] . 

[If  the  inflections  illustrated  by  the  preceding  Exercises  have 
been  thoroughly  mastered,  the  principal  difficulties  in  the  way  of 
a  beginner  in  Latin  have  been  overcome.  The  Third  Declen- 
sion, however,  of  nouns  and  adjectives,  presents  an  important 
variation  from  what  has  been  learned  hitherto.  The  similarity 
of  endings  in  nouns  and  adjectives  of  the  First  and  Second  De- 
clensions has  thus  far  been  a  help  to  the  careful  learner.  There 
is  nearly  the  same  similarity  between  the  ending  of  nouns  and 
adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension.  But  this  similarity  almost 
wholly  ceases,  when  an  adjective  of  the  Third  Declension  is 
combined  with  a  noun  of  the  First  or  Second,  and  likewise 
when  an  adjective  of  the  First  or  Second  is  combined  with  a 
noun  of  the  Third.  But  all  neuter  nouns,  or  adjectives,  of  what- 
ever declension,  have  the  same  ending,  a,  in  the  nominative, 
accusative,  and  vocative,  plural.] 


*  See  Table  *  preceding. 

t  Translate  both  by  the  personal  and  the  impersonal  form. 

\  See  Table  **  preceding. 

§  See  Table  *  preceding. 


40  Six   Weeks   Preparation 

VII. — THE  CONSONANT  (OR  THIRD)  DECLENSION. 
1.    Nouns. 

Observe  that  the  stem  is  found  generally  by  dropping  the 
genitive  ending  -is. 

Learn  all  the  paradigms,  especially  the  following :  — 
rex  (stem,  reg-),  king,  [regal],  46;  G.  54;  H.  59. 
miles  (st.  milit-),  soldier,  [military],  46;  G.  55  ;  H.  58. 
princeps  (st.  princip-),  chief,  [prince],   47;    G.  54; 

H.S7. 
ordo  (st.  ordin-),  order,\  rank ;  like  virgo,  49 ;  H.  60 ; 

imago,  G.  43,  I. 

pater  (st.  patr-),  father,  [paternal],  50;  G.  46;  H.  60. 
turris  (st.  turn-),  F.,  tower,  [turret],  52  ;  G.  59 ;  H.  62. 
pars  (st.  part-),  F.,  part,\  G.  56;  like  urbs,  54; 

H.  64. 
corpus  (st.  corpor-),  N.,  body,  [corporal],  49;  G.  49; 

H.  61. 
opus  (st.  oper-),  N.,  work,  [operate],  50;  like  genus, 

G.  49;  H.  61. 
F.  and  N.  indicate  the  gender,  as  feminine  or  neuter. 

Learn  the  case-endings,  and  mark  the  quantity  of 
their  vowels.  Observe  that  the  genitive  ending  -is  is 
short. 

Suggestion.  Condense  the  declension  of  these  nouns 
as  far  as  possible,  thus  :  — 

Nom.  Ace.  Voc.  opus. 
Gen.  operis. 

Dat.  operi. 

Abl.  opere. 

Nom.  Ace.  Voc.  opera. 
Plur.     -[      Gen.  operum. 

Dat.  Abl.  operibus. 


Sing. 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  41 

2.    Adjectives. 

Learn  all  the  paradigms,  especially  the  following :  — 
5cer  (stem,  acri-),  sharp,  spirited,  84;  G.  82 ;  H.  153. 
omnis  (st.  omni-),  all;  like  levis,  84;  facilis,  G.  82; 

tristis,  H.  154. 

brevis  (st.  brevi-),  short,  brief;  f  like  omnis. 
gravis  (st.  gravi-),  heavy,  severe,  grave;  f  like  omnis. 
felix,  (st.  fello),  happy,  [felicity],  G.  83;  H.  156;  like 

atrox,  85. 
amans  (st.  amant-),  loving,  H.  157;   like  egens,  85; 

prudens,  G.  83. 

So  all  present  participles,  as  pugnans,  delens,  au- 
diens. 
vetus  (st.  veter-),  old,  ancient,  [veteran],  85;  G.  83; 

H.  158. 

REMARK:  The  ending  of  the  present  participle  is 
-nt.  This,  added  to  the  verb-stem,  makes  the  parti- 
ciple-stem ;  as,  ama-nt-. 

Condense  the  declension  of  these  adjectives,  as  far  as 
possible,  thus :  — 

{Nom.  Voc.  omnis,  omne. 
Gen.  omnis. 

Dat.  Abl.    omni. 
Ace.  omiiem. 

So  in  the  plural. 

Examples  of  the  Vowel  and  Consonant  Declension 

in  Combination. 

Sing.  N.    cura  gravis.  miles  ndster. 

G.    curae  gravis.  militis  nostri. 

D.    curae  gravi.  militi  nostro. 

Ac.  curam  gravem.  militem  nostrum. 

V.    cura  gravis.  miles  noster. 

AB.  cura  gravi.  milite  uostro. 


42  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

Plur.  N.    curae  graves.  milites  nostri. 

G.    cur  arum  gravium.  mill  turn  nostrorum. 

D.    curis  gravibus.  militibus  nostris. 

Ac.  curas  graves.  milites  nostros. 

V.    curae  graves.  milites  nostri. 

AB.  curis  gravibus.  militibus  nostris. 

Decline,  in  combination,  the  following :  — 

mora  brevis,  a  brief  delay. 

silva  vetus,  an  ancient  forest. 

equus  acer,  a  spirited  horse. 

be  Hum  grave,  a  severe  war. 

princeps  bonus,  a  good  chief. 

pars  mea,  my  part. 

turris  alta,  a  high  tower. 

opus  nostrum,  our  work. 

Suggestion.  Other  examples  of  combined  declension 
should  be  practised  until  the  combinations  are  per- 
fectly familiar. 

Exercise  d  (optional). 

Translate :  —  *  Militum  amantissimorum.  2  Principi- 
bus  melioribus.  8  Militibus  acerrimis.  4  Copiarum  in- 
tegriorum.  5Bello  miseriori.  6  Turrium  altissimarum . 
7  In  oppido  veterrimo.  8  Silvae  asperioris.  9Opere 
optimo.  10Pugnae  acriori.  nRegi  felicissimo.  12Pugna 
graviori.  13Mora  brevissima.  H  Omnium  ordinum. 
15  Corporum  graviorum. 

Translate  into  Latin: — 1We  shall  place  higher 
towers.  2You  have  prepared  better  soldiers.  8They 
had  destroyed  the  most  ancient  towns.  4  Let  us  fortify 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  43 

the  town  with  higher  towers.  5  Let  us  fill  the  town 
with  more  spirited  soldiers.  6They  will  fortify  the 
camp  with  a  higher  rampart.  7  Prepare  a  very  brief 
delay.  8  He  commands  all  ranks.  9  They  wept-for 
(their)  most  loving  king. 

\ 

£  zeroise  19. 

Translate:  —  1Princeps  militibus  pugnantibus  im- 
peravit.  2A  militibus  acribus  pugnatur.*  8  Bella 
gravia  bonos  milites  delebunt.  4  Turres  altae  a  militi- 
bus veteribus  in  muro  erant  conlocatae.  5  Fossae 
altae  militum  acrium  corporibus  complentur.  6Omnia 
Gallorum  oppida  sunt  deleta.  7  Turribus  altis  in  vallo 
conlocandis  f  castra  nostra  muniemus.  8  Turrim  altam 
in  alta  ripa  conlocarent.  9  Principum  cura  oppida 
vetera  muniet.  10  Militum  amantium  corpora  in  castra 
portare  flentes  %  paraveramus.  nAudiebatis  Romano- 
rum  copias  gravibus  bellis  esse  deletas.  12  Ab  omnibus 
ordinibus  pugnatum  est.  13  Gravia  militum  pericula 
audiamus.  14Partem  castrorum  a  nostris  occupatam 
esse  audiveramus.  15  Milites  acres  ad  pugnandum 
esse  auditur.  §  16  Regibus  graves  esse  curas  auditum 
est.§ 

Exercise  2O. 

Translate  into  Latin :  —  *  The  way  to  the  gates  was 
short.  2  The  spirited  soldiers  prepared  to  place  a  high 

*  What  would  the  personal  form  be  ?  See  REMARK  preceding  Exer- 
cise 1 8. 

t  See  Exercise  17,  Table  *. 

J  The  participle  agrees  with  the  subject  we,  implied  in  the  verb-end- 
ing. 

§  The  passive  of  a  transitive  verb,  as  audio,  is  often  used  imperson- 
ally, auditur,  it  is  heard,  audiebatur,  it  was  heard)  etc. 


44  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

tower  on  the  rampart.  8  The  bodies  of  the  spirited 
soldiers  filled  the  deep  ditches.  4  In  ancient  wars  our 
towns  were  seized  by  the  chiefs  of  the  Gauls.  5Our 
men  were  fighting  *  with  fresh  forces.  6  The  soldiers 
fighting  with  swords  destroyed  all  the  forces  of  the 
Gauls.  7  Old  towns  were  destroyed  by  the  Romans  in 
severe  wars.  8We  shall  weep-for  the  happy  chief 
beloved  by  Gauls  and  Romans.  9A  broad  camp  was 
fortified  by  the  care  of  our  chief  in  a  tall  forest.  10  A- 
fight-took-place  in  the  way.  u  There-will-be-fighting, 
not  without  brief  delay,  but  without  flight.  12A11 
ranks  are  prepared  for  f  fighting.  13  We  heard  that  a 
part  of  the  town  had  been  seized  by  the  king  in  the 
beginning  of  the  year.  14  By  seizing  part  of  the  town 
the  king  prepared  to  fight.  15  It  is  heard  that  there-is- 
fighting.  %  16It  was  heard  that  there-had-been-fight- 


VIII.  —  COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES. 

How  are  the  Comparative  and  Superlative  formed? 
89;  G.  86;  H.  162. 

Compare  — 

altus,  high.  brevis,  short. 

latus,  wide.  amans,  loving. 

gravis,  heavy.  felix,  happy. 

How  do  adjectives  ending  in  -er  form  the  Superla- 
tive?    89,  a;  G.  88,  i  ;  H.  163,  i. 


*  Give  both  the  personal  and  the  impersonal  form, 
f  Use  ad  with  the  gerund. 
J  Pres.  inf. 
§  Perf.  inf. 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  45 

Compare  — 

miser,  wretched.  crgber,  frequent. 

liber,  free.  integer,  fresh. 

asper,  rough.  acer,  spirited. 

aeger,  sick.  vetus,  old. 

vetus  lacks  the  comparative  form  in  classical  Latin. 

Learn  the  irregular  comparison  of  bonus,  good] 
mains,  bad]  magnus,  great ;  parvus,  small]  multus, 
much]  90;  G.  89;  H.  165. 

Declension  of  the  Comparative  and  Superlative.      ^ 

The  Superlative  of  all  adjectives  belongs  to  the 
Vowel  Declension,  and  is  declined  like  bonus,  -a, 
-um. 

The  Comparative  belongs  to  the  Consonant  Declen- 
sion. 

Learn  the  paradigm  of  the  comparative,  melior, 
[ameliorate],  86;  like  altior,  G.  87;  like  tristior,  H. 
154. 

Like  the  paradigm  decline  the  comparative  of  each 
adjective  which  has  been  compared. 

EULE  OF  SYNTAX  12,  The  Comparative  may  be  fol- 
lowed by  the  Ablative  signifying  than ;  as,  gladius 
pilo  brevior  est,  a  sword  is  shorter  than  a  javelin. 

Suggestion.  It  will  be  best  to  learn  here  from  the 
paradigm  moiieo  the  less  regular  forms  of  the  E  con- 
jugation. See  pp.  80,  81 ;  G.  129,  130;  H.  207,  208. 

Exercise  21. 

[NOTE :  The  superlative  may  often  be  translated  by  very  with 
the  positive.] 

Translate :  —  *  Belli  pericula  sunt  gravissima.  2  Plu- 
rimi  liberi  sunt  Gallis.  3Regem  monebimus  muros 


46  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

esse  oppido  altissimos.  4Castra  latissima  vallo  fos- 
saque  altissima  munientur.  6  Scutum  gladio  gravius 
est.  6  Castra  loco  munitissimo  *  conlocate.  7  Proelia 
Gallorum  veterum  creberrima  erant.  8  Castra  latiora 
vallo  altiori  munitote.  9  Fuga  pugna  miserior  erat. 
10  Praesidia  f  optima  gladii  scutaque  sunt.  n  Oppido 
nostro  occupando  praesidium  melius  paravisti.  12  Op- 
pidis  omnibus  occupandis  praesidia  meliora  parabitis. 
13  Audimus  pugnatum  esse.  14  Audivimus  fugam  pugna 
miseriorem  esse. 

Exercise  22. 

Translate  into  Latin  :  — *  We  shall  prepare  better 
places  for  our  loving  soldiers.  2  Swords  and  shields 
are  better  defences  than  walls.  8  Very  {  high  towers 
were  placed  on  the  rampart.  4  The  soldiers  of  the 
Romans  were  happier  than  the  chiefs  of  the  Gauls. 
6  We  seized  the  smaller  camp  without  delay.  6Let  us 
warn  the  boys  that  the  way  is  not  very  short.  7  They 
hear  that  swords  are  the  best  defence.  8  Very  severe 
battles  had  destroyed  very  many  soldiers.  9  The  Ro- 
mans had  fresher  forces.  10  The  swords  of  loving  sol- 
diers are  the  best  defence  of  (their)  king.  nWe 
fortified  the  greater  camp  by  placing  more  and  higher 
towers  on  the  rampart.  12  Warn  the  chiefs  of  the 
Gauls  that  the  Romans'  camp  is  very  strongly  forti- 
fied. 13The  Gauls  had  more  children  than  the  Ro- 
mans. §  14  Let  the  town  be  fortified  for  our  sake  in  the 
best  manner.  15It  is  heard  that  the  danger  is  very 
great. 

*  Translate,  "  very  strongly  fortified." 

t  Praesidia  is  the  subject  of   sunt. 

\  The  superlative  is  either  absolute  or  relative.  Very  high  is  the 
absolute  superlative;  highest,  the  relative  superlative:  the  same  form  in 
Latin  for  both. 

§  "  Romans  "  must  be  in  the  dative,  as  well  as  "  Gauls." 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  47 

IX.  —  THE  CONSONANT  (OR  THIRD)  CONJUGATION. 

The  special  characteristic  of  the  Third  Conjugation 
is  its  short  connecting  vowels,  &  and  i,  in  the  Present 
System.  The  Perfect  and  Supine  Systems  are  quite 
variously  formed. 

A.  In  the  Present  System  — 

The  future  and  present  subjunctive  signs,  e  and  a, 
and  the  connecting  vowels,  e  and  u,  occur  the  same  as 
in  the  Fourth  Conjugation.  See  page  24  (2).  But, 

(1)  £  precedes  -ris  or  -re  in  the  present  indicative 
and  infinitive,  and  the  imperfect  subjunctive. 

(2)  I  elsewhere  precedes  the  endings  (except  before 
-o  and  -n)  of  the  present  indicative  and  the  impera- 
tive. 

(3)  The  present  imperative  active,  2  sing.,  affixes  & 
to  the  stem,  and  the  present  infinitive  passive  affixes  I. 

B.  In  the  Perfect  System  — 

The  sign,  v,  is  very  often  changed,  either  to  u,  as  in 
monui,  of  the  Second  Conjugation,  or  to  B.  Other 
variations  occur. 

C.  In  the  Sitpine  system  — 
The  sign  t  is  often  changed  to  B. 

Learn  the  paradigm  tego,  pp.  82,  83;  emo,  G.  131- 
134;  rego,  H.  209,  210 ;  and  point  out  the  peculiarities 
that  have  been  specified. 

i.    Inflect  in  the  Third  Conjugation,  Active,  — 
rego  (stem,  reg-),  regere,  rexi,  rectus,  [regulate],  rule. 
dico  (st.  die-),  dicere,  dixi,  dictus,  [dictionary],  say. 
duco  (st.  due-),  ducere,  duxi,  ductus,  [duct],  lead. 
mitto  (st.  mitt-),  mittere,  misi,  missus,  [mission], 

send,  throw,  dismiss. 
posco  (st.  pose-),  poscere,  poposci,  demand,  ask-for. 


48  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

In  the  present  imperative,  active,  2d  person  singular,  dico 
has  die,  and  duco  has  due. 

In  the  perfect  active,  dixi  is  for  die-si,  xnisi  for  mit-si, 
rexi  for  reg--si. 

For  poposci,  see  124,  c\  G.  153,  5 ;  H.  255,  i. 

2.  Inflect  the  same  verbs  in  the  Third  Conjugation, 
Passive.     Posco  wants  the  supine  system. 

3.  Inflect  the  following  participles  :  — 

PRESENT.  PERFECT. 

dicens  saying.  dictus,  said. 

ducens,  leading.  ductus,  led. 

mittens,  sending.  missus,  sent. 

pose  ens,  asking-for.  - . 

regens,  ruling.  rectus,  ruled. 

RULE  OF  SYNTAX  13,  Length  of  Time  is  expressed 
by  the  Accusative ;  as,  multos  annos  rexit,  he  ruled 
many  years. 

Exercise  23. 

Translate:  —  1Equos  acres  esse  dixit.  2Pericula 
curam  poscunt.  8  Castra  esse  munitissima  dixerunt. 
4 In*  poenam  poscemini.  5In  Gallos  copias  misit. 
6Militum  gladii  optimum  regis  praesidium  esse  dicun- 
tur.  7  Integrae  Romanorum  copiae  in  libera  Gallorum 
oppida  non  missae  sunt.  8Milites  numerum  gladio- 
rum  majorem  poposcerunt.  9  Poscite  equos,  servos, 
arma.  10Patres  boni  filios  amantes  non  gravibus  im- 
periis  regunt.  nMilites  sine  mora  in  castra  missi 
sunt.  12  Copiis  integris  sine  fuga  pugnabatur.  13Mili- 
tes  moram  pugnae  poscentes  in  castra  minora  duxit. 
14  Curas  mittite.  15  Moram,  non  fugam  poscimus. 
16  Imperii  praesidia  copiis  in  oppida  mittendis  erunt 

*  In  here  means  "  for  ";  in  the  next  sentence,  "  against." 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  49 

parata.  17Vias  esse  asperrimas  dicitur.  *  18Gallos  a 
principibus  acribus  regi  auditur.  19Romani  plurimos 
annos  a  regibus  regebantur.  20Arma  mea  causa  popo- 
scisse  dicerentur. 

RULE  OF  SYNTAX  14,  A  word  denoting  a  part  is 
limited  by  a  Genitive  denoting  the  whole ;  as,  par  tern 
copiarum  poposcit,  he  asked-for  part  of  the  forces. 

Exercise  24. 

Translate  into  Latin :  — 1  We  will  ask-for  a  larger 
number  of  javelins  and  swords.  2You  have  sent  all  the 
horses  out  of  the  town.  8Our  king  had  ruled  very 
many  years.  4  All  ranks  have  asked-for  a  delay  of  the 
war.  5He  said  that  the  cares  of  empire  are  very 
severe.  6The  Gauls  are  said  to  be  ruled  by  many 
chiefs.  7A  very  brief  delay  is  asked-for.  8Our  forces 
will  be  led  into  a  very  strongly  fortified  f  camp.  9Our 
soldiers  are  said  to  have  thrown  their  javelins  without 
delay.  10  The  Romans  were  said  to  be  sending  forces 
into  fortified  camps.  n  Say  to  your  king,  that  swords 
are  our  best  defence.  12It  was  said  that  a  part  of  the 
forces  had  been  sent  against  J  the  Gauls. 

The  Consonant  (or  Third)  Conjugation,  continued. 
I  Stems. 

The  peculiarity  of  this  form  of  the  Third  Conjuga- 
tion is  that  I  is  added  to  the  stem,  — 

(i)  before  o  and  u  in  the  present  indicative  and 
future  imperative. 

*  Impersonal;  see  Exercise  19,  Note  §. 
t  See  Exercise  21,  Note  *. 
|  See  Exercise  23,  Note  *. 


50  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

(2)  before  e  in  the  imperfect  and  future  indicative, 
the   present  participle,    the   gerund,   and    the  gerun- 
dive. 

(3)  before  a  in  the  present  subjunctive. 

In  other  respects  these  I  stems  are  inflected  like 
other  verbs  of  this  conjugation. 

Learn  the  paradigm,  capio,  [captious],  p.  83;  G. 
139,  140;  H.  218,  219. 

[Observe  the  difference  in  quantity  between  capis 
and  audis,  capimus  and  audimus,  capitis  and  audi- 
tis,  capito,  capite,  and  audito,  audite.] 

Suggestion.  Compare  the  paradigms  of  capio  and 
audio,  and  point  out  the  similar  forms. 

Capio  makes  many  compounds  with  prepositions, 
changing  the  radical  syllable  CAP  to  CIP  and  CEP,  as 
will  be  seen  in  the  following  vocabulary  :  — 

i.  Inflect  like  capio  the  following,  in  the  Active 
Voice :  — 

accipio  (ad  +  capio),- accipere,  accepi,  acceptus, 

[accept],  receive. 
excipio  (ex  +  capio),  excipere,  excepi,  exceptus, 

[except],  meet,  catch. 
recipio    (re  +  capio),    recipere,   recepi,    receptus, 

[receive],  recover. 
suscipio  (sub  +  capio),  suscipere,  suscepi,  suscep- 

tus,  [susceptible],  imdertake. 
facio,  facere,   feci,  factus,    [fact],  do,  make,  cause 

(imperative  second  sing,  act.,  fac). 


for  Reading  Cczsar.  51 

Facio  also  makes  compounds,  changing  FAC  to  FIC 
and  FEC,  as  in  the  following  vocabulary :  — 
afficio  (ad  +  facio),  afficere,  affeci,  affectus,  affect.] 
conficio  (con  +  facio),  conficere,  confeci,  confec- 

tus,  [confectionery],  perform,  finish,  exhaust. 
efficio  (ex  +  facio),  efficere,  effeci,  effectus,  effect.] 
interficio  (inter  4-  facio),  interficere,  interfeci,  in- 

terfectus,  'kill. 

2.  Inflect  all  the  above  verbs  in  the  Passive  Voice. 

The  passive  of  facio  is  wanting  in  the  present  sys- 
tem, except  the  participle. 

The  irregular  verb  flo  is  used  instead,  142 ;  G.  188 ;  H.  294. 

Some  of  the  prepositions  used  to  form  compound  verbs  in 
the  preceding  vocabularies  have  been  already  learned.  Of  the 
rest,  re  signifies  back;  sub,  under;  con  (same  as  cum), 
together  ;  inter,  between. 

Exercise  25. 

Translate :  — *  Milites  amantissimi  principem  felicem 
accipiunt.  2Integrae  Romanorum  copiae  Gallos  exce- 
perunt.  3Castrorum  opus  muniendorum  suscepimus. 
4  Opus  vestrum  sine  mora  conficite.  5Silvae  asperae 
militibus  nostris  magnam  moram  faciebant.  6Bellum 
grave  confecistis.  7  Curae  maximi  imperii  regendi  re- 
gem  optimum*  confecerant.  8Romani  Gallos  inter- 
ficere parant.  9  Nostros  magnam  partem  Gallorum 
interfecisse  dicitur.  10  Die  principi.  n  Gallorum  copiae 
a  nostris  excipientur.  12  Due  milites.  18  Fac  bellum 
Gallis.  f  14  Causa  regis  a  militibus  suscipitur.  15Op- 
pidi  muniendi  opus  non  susceptum  est.  16Ex  equo 
pugnans  interfectus  est.  17  Proelii  moram  esse  factam 

*  Translate  optimus,  "  excellent" 

t  The  dative  here  denotes  "  against ";  «.*.,  for  the  disadvantage  of. 


52  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

auditur.  18  Opus  breve  magna  cum  cura  est  confectum. 
19Gallorum  copiae  esse  interfectae  dicuntur.  20Curis 
gravioribus  conficeremini.  21Operis  suscipiendi  mora 
principem  curis  afficit  gravibus. 

Exercise  26. 

Translate  into  Latin:  —  1He  made  a  tower  higher 
than  the  rampart.  2It  is  said*  that  our  (men)  have 
caught  a  part  of  the  horses.  3  We  shall  not  undertake 
the  work  of  recovering  the  town.  4  A  very  severe  bat- 
tle had  caused  delay  to  our  forces.  5  We  shall  perform 
a  heavier  work.  6  Very  many  wars  have  exhausted  the 
Gauls.  7  Our  (men)  are  prepared  to  kill  the  Gauls. 
8  The  Gauls  will  be  met  by  our  forces.  9The  work  of 
placing  high  towers  on  the  rampart  had  been  under- 
taken by  our  (men).  10  Our  (men)  righting  on  horseback 
were  slain.  n  Say  to  your  king  that  the  towns  have 
not  been  recovered.  12Lead  our  forces  into  a  more 
stronglyf  fortified  camp.  13You  have  received  the 
largest  part  of  the  empire.  14  Delay  in  (of)  finishing 
the  work  has  been  caused  by  the  flight  of  the  chief. 
15  The  work  of  fortifying  the  town  will  have  exhausted 
our  forces.  16 Cause  delay  of  battle  by  leading  our 
forces  into  a  fortified  town.  17  The  king,  ruling  many 
years,  is  exhausted  by  the  heaviest  cares. 

X.  —  PERSONAL  AND  DEMONSTRATIVE  PRONOUNS. 

Learn  the  paradigms  of  the  Personal  Pronouns,  ego, 
tu,  sui,  98;  G.  98-100;  H.  184. 

Sui  is  to  be  used  only  to  denote  the  same  person  as 
the  subject  of  the  sentence.  Sui  is  therefore  called  the 
Reflexive  Pronoun. 

*  See  Exercise  23,  Note  *,  p.  49. 
f  Put  munitus  in  the  comparative. 


for  Reading  Cczsar.  53 

REMARK  i.  The  Personal  Pronouns,  ego,  tu,  nos, 
vos,  are  seldom  used  in  the  Nominative  except  for 
emphasis  or  distinction ,  as  the  personal  ending  of  the 
verb  indicates  the  subject. 

Instead  of  the  possessive  genitives,  mei,  tui,  sui,  etc.,  the 
possessive  adjectives,  meus,  tuus,  suus,  etc.,  are  used.  These 
have  already  been  given  among  adjectives  of  the  vowel  declen- 
sion. 

The  usual  pronoun  of  the  Third  Person,  when  the 
Reflexive  is  not  required,  is  is,  ea,  id,  commonly 
classed  among  the  Demonstrative  Pronouns. 

Learn  the  paradigms  of  the  Demonstrative  Pronouns, 
is,  hie,  iste,  ille,  ipse,  idem,  [identity],  101  ;  G.  100- 
102;  H.  186. 

Observe  that  idem  is  declined  by  adding  the  syllable  -dem 
to  is  (or  i),  and  changing  m  to  n  before  d.  Note  also  the 
different  quantities  of  idem,  masc.,  and  Idem,  neut. ;  also  of 
eadem,  fern,  abl.,  and  eSdem,  fern.  nom.  and  neut.  pi. 

ipse  and  idem  are  sometimes  termed  intensive  or  determina- 
tive pronouns* 

Example  of  the  Combined  Declension  of  a  Noun  with 
a  Demonstrative  Pronoun. 

N.    ille  miles,  that  soldier,  illi  milites,  those  soldiers. 

G.    illius  militis.  illorum  militum. 

D.    illi  militi.  illis  militibus. 

Ac.  ilium  militem.  illos  milites. 

V.         (wanting).  (wanting). 

AB.  iUo  milite.  illis  militibus. 

REMARK  2.  A  Demonstrative  Pronoun  usually  pre- 
cedes its  Noun. 


54  Six   Weeks   Preparation 

Decline  in  like  manner  — 

haec  via,  this  way.  id  oppidum,  that  town. 

illud  opus,  that  work.        idem  bellum,  the  same  war. 
ipse  princeps,  the  chief    eae    copiae,    those  forces 

himself.  (plural). 

ipsa  causa,  the  very  cause,    ea      castra,     that      camp 
or  the  cause  itself.  (plural). 

eaedem  copiae,  the  same  forces  (plural). 
eadem  castra,  the  same  camp  (plural). 

Distinctive  Uses:  — 

Hie  denotes  what  is  near,  this,  these. 
Hie  denotes  what  is  remote,  that,  those. 
Iste  denotes  this-of -yours,  that-of -yours. 
Is  denotes  that,  or  the,  simply  for  reference  or  defi- 
nition. 

When  used  without  a  noun  — 

Hie  means  he,  in  reference  to  a  person  near. 
Ille  means  he,  in  reference  to  a  person  yonder. 
Iste  means  he,  in  reference  to  a  person  who  has  been 

spoken  to. 
Is  means  he,  without  any  such  special  reference. 

Accordingly,  hie  is  called  the  Demonstrative  of  the  First 
Person;  iste,  of  the  Second  Person ;  ille,  of  the  Third  Person. 

CAUTIONS. —  I.  Translate  his,  her,  their,  by  the  geni- 
tive ejus,  or  eorum.  But  when  his,  etc.,  refer  to  a 
preceding  subject,  translate  by  the  proper  form  of 
suus,  in  agreement  with  its  noun. 

2.  Likewise  translate  him,  her,  them,  by  eum,  earn, 
eos ;  but,  when  denoting  a  preceding  subject,  by  se. 

3.  So,  to  him,  etc.,  by  ei,  iis;  but,  when  denoting  a 
preceding  subject,  by  sibi. 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  55 

REMARK  3.     The  neuter  plural  of  pronouns  and  ad- 
jectives is  often  used  without  a  noun,  where  in  English 
the  word  thing  or  things  may  be  supplied ;  as,  — 
haec,  these  things,  or  this,     bona,  good  things. 
ilia,  those  things •,  or  that.      nostra,  our  things. 
eadem,  the  same  things,  or      omnia,  all  things,  every- 

the  same.  thing. 

A  few  adjectives  of  the  First  and  Second  Declension 
substitute  for  the  common  case-endings  of  the  genitive 
and  dative  singular,  in  all  genders,  the  pronominal 
forms  -lus  and  -i.  83,  a\  G.  35  ;  H.  151. 

Decline  accordingly  — 

nullus,  [null],  no,  no  one,  not-a.     totus,  [total],  whole. 
solus,  [sole],  only,  alone.  unus,  [unit],  one. 

Decline  in  combination  the  following  :  — 
nullus  locus,  no  place.  totum  bellum,  the  whole 

sola    causa,   the  only  war. 

cause.  una    castra,    one    camp 

haec  causa  sola,  this  (plural). 

cause  alone. 

REMARK  4.  unus,  though  singular  in  meaning,  must 
be  plural  inform,  whenever  it  has  to  agree  with  a  noun 
which,  though  singular  in  meaning,  is  plural  in  form ; 
as,  una  castra,  one  camp. 

Exercise  e  (optional). 

Translate: — l  Hanc  viam.  2  His  militibus.  8Hac 
causa.  4Illamora.  5Illamora.  6  In  illo  bello.  7  Re- 
gis ipsius.  8  Istud  scutum.  9  Huic  operi.  10Horum 
ordinum.  uMilitum  ipsorum.  12Eodem  in  proelio. 


56  Six    Weeks1  Preparation 

13Eadem  via.  14Eadem  via.  15Ejus  pugnae  causa. 
16  In  iis  castris.  17  Unius  militis  causa.  18Totius  belli 
cura.  19  Eidem  viro  ipsi. 

Translate  into  Latin  :  —  *  By  this  way.  2  To  that 
man.  8Of  this  town.  4Of  those  soldiers.  6In  that 
town  of  yours.  6  In  the  same  ditch.  7  For  the  king 
himself.  8Of  the  chiefs  themselves.  9The  care  of 
the  same  work.  10  By  the  delay  of  the  same  soldiers. 
11  In  this  very  battle.  12  The  danger  of  this  one  town. 
13  The  flight  of  the  chief  alone.  14For  that  whole 
work.  15  On  account  of  this  delay  of  yours. 

EULE  OF  SYNTAX  15,  A  second  Dative,  denoting 
purpose  or  result,  is  often  used  with  the  Dative  of  the 
person  or  thing  concerned ;  as,  murus  nobis  est 
praesidio,  the  wall  is  {for)  a  defence  to  ^ts. 

Exercise  27. 

Translate :  —  a  Omnia  nostra  nobiscum  *  portamus. 
2  Omnia  sua  secum  *  portavit.  8  Se  f  aegrum  esse  dixit. 
4  Eum  f  aegrum  esse  dixisti.  6  Ejus  f  equum  confectum 
esse  dixerunt.  6Haec  mihi  multos  annos  curae  fue- 
runt.  7  Ilia  Gallis  solis  praesidio  erunt.  8  Omnia  bona 
iis  f  fuissent.  9  Easdem  curas  sibi  f  esse  dicunt.  10  Tibi 
soli  imperas.  n  Hae  turres  illis  altiores  sunt.  12  Nul- 
lius  militis  corpus  ex  illo  proelio  receptum  est.  13  Nullo 
anno  curas  graviores  suscepimus.  14Princeps  totius 
operis  curam  sibi  poposcit.  15  Horum  castrorum  muni- 
endorum  opus  a  nostris  conficietur.  16Nos  tua  causa 

*  The  preposition  cum  is  thus  annexed  to  the  ablative  of  the  per- 
sonal pronouns:  not  cum  me,  but  mecum,  etc. 

f  Carefully  note  the  distinction  between  the  reflexive  and  the  demon- 
strative. 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  57 

ista  omnia  suscipiemus ;  tu  nostra  *  haec  confice. 
17  Hanc  partem  copiarum  in  Gallos  misimus ;  illam  in 
castra  vestra  duximus.  18  A  nobis  ipsis  ex  equis  pug- 
natum  erat.  19  Haec  regi  die  ipsi. 


Exercise  28. 

Translate  into  Latin:  —  aThis  ditch  is  wider  than 
that.  2They  say  that  this  way  is  shorter  than  that. 
8  Say  this  to  the  king  alone.  4This  is  said  to  the  sol- 
dier himself.  5  The  Gauls  themselves  had  killed  them.f 

6  They  said  that  severe  battles  had  exhausted  them.f 

7  The  king  himself  had  undertaken   the  care  of  that 
whole  empire.     8  To  me  myself  you  have  said  every- 
thing.   9Send  the  same  good  things  tof  us.     10Lead 
not-a  soldier  to  the  gates.     n  That  work  of  yours  was 
accomplished  in  the  beginning  of  this  year.     12  Those 
horses  of  yours  will  be  (for)  a  care  to  you.     13  You  will 
be  exhausted  by  these   cares  of  yours.     14The  same 
rampart  will  be  (for)  a  defence  to  the  camp  and  to  the 
town.     15  We  §  will  undertake  this  work  with  you ;  you 
(will  undertake)    that   with  us.     16  For  our  sake  you 
have  done  these  things;  for  your  (sake  ||)  we  will  do 
the  same.     17  The  work  of  placing  these  towers  will  be 
undertaken  by  the  same  soldiers.     18  The-battle-will-be- 
fought  T  by  you  alone. 


*  Supply  causa. 

t  See  Exercise  27,  Note  f. 

J  See  page  27  (i). 

§  The  italicized  pronoun  is  emphatic. 

||  See  Exercise  27,  Note  *. 

ir  pugno,  impersonal. 


f 

58  Six    Weeks'  Preparation 

XI. —  PERIPHRASTIC  CONJUGATIONS. 

\Periphrastic  signifies  a  roundabout  mode  of  expression.] 

These  differ  in  name,  rather  than  in  kind,  from  what 
has  been  already  met  with  in  the  compound  tenses  of 
the  passive  voice.  One  tense  of  the  periphrastic  con- 
jugation, indeed,  has  been  already  met  with,  viz.,  the 
future  infinitive  active  of  all  verbs,  as  amaturus  esse. 
In  these  compound  tenses,  to  which  the  name  of  "  peri- 
phrastic conjugation"  is  restricted,  the  participle  in 
-rus  and  the  participle  in  -dus  are  combined  with  the 
copula  sum  to  express  relations  for  which  the  simple 
verb  has  no  special  forms.  It  is  in  precisely  the  same 
way  that  the  participle  in  -tus  is  combined  with  sum 
in  the  supine  system  to  supply  the  deficient  forms  of 
the  simple  verb.  Compare  these  three :  — 

1.  amatUS         (  "]  beloved,    [already  loved],   i.e.,  / 

have  been  loved. 

2.  amaturus  \  sum,  /  am    \  intending  to  love. 


3.  amandus  (^  }  W0rthy  to  be  loved. 

But  it  will  be  seen  from  the  above  examples  that,  in  the  peri- 
phrastic conjugation,  sum  and  the  participles  in  -rus  and  -dus 
retain  in  their  combinations  the  meanings  which  they  have  sepa- 
rately. In  the  compound  tenses  of  the  passive,  on  the  other 
hand,  sum  and  the  participle  in  -tus,  when  combined,  have  a 
new  and  special  meaning.  Thus,  amaturus  eram  means,  / 
was  about  to  love.  But  amatus  eram  means,  not  /  was  loved, 
but,  /  had  been  loved. 

Learn  the  paradigms,  129;  G.  149,  150,  239,  243 ;  H. 
233,  234,  466,  Note. 

We  have  here  a  new  use  of  what  we  have  hitherto 
known  and  used  as  the  gerundive. 


for  Reading  Cczsar.  59 

1.  The  participle  in  -dus,  when  used  as  an  attribu- 
tive adjective,   is  called   the   gerundive,  and  has   the 
active  meaning  of  the  gerund  ;  as,  oppidi  occupandi, 
of  seizing  the  town. 

2.  But  when  used  as  a  predicate  adjective,  it  has  the 
meaning  of  a  future  passive  participle ;  as,  oppidum 
est  occupandum,  the  town  is  to  be  seized. 

NOTE:  amaturus  fui  is  very  often  translated,  I  should 
have  loved,  like  amavissem. 

axnandus  fui  is  very  often  translated,  /  should  have  been 
loved,  like  amatus  essem. 

But  the  difference  between  amaturus  fui  (when  so  trans- 
lated) and  amavissem  is,  that  the  former  expresses  an  inten- 
tion which  was  not  fulfilled. 

The  difference  between  amandus  fui  (when  so  translated) 
and  amatus  essem  is,  that  the  former  expresses  what  ought  to, 
or  must,  have  been,  and  the  latter  what  would  have  been. 

Inflect  the  Periphrastic  Conjugations,  Active  and 
Passive,  of  the  following  verbs  :  occupo,  deleo,  munio, 
mitto,  facio. 

REMARK  i.  The  tenses  of  the  periphrastic  conjuga- 
tions are  inflected  through  the  several  persons  and  num- 
bers precisely  like  the  compound  tenses  of  the  passive 
voice.  Example:  —  amaturus  (or  amandus)  sum, 
es,  est;  amaturi  sumiis,  estis,  sunt. 

But  fuero  is  very  rarely  combined  with  the  participle 
in  -rus. 

REMARK  2.  The  infinitives  of  the  passive  peri- 
phrastic conjugation,  both  of  intransitive  and  transi- 
tive verbs,  are  used  impersonally.  (Compare  Exercises 
17,  Table**;  and  19,  Note  §.)  Examples:  — 

(that  it  is  necessary 
dixit  pugnandum  esse,  he  said  <      to  fight. 

{that  (he)  must  fight. 


60  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

f  that  it  is  necessary 
monet     dicendum      esse,     he  J      to  speak. 

warns  (us)  \  that     (we}      must 

[     speak. 

REMARK  3.  In  both  the  compound  and  the  peri- 
phrastic forms  of  the  infinitive,  esse  is  very  often 
omitted.  Example  :  — 

.    <  he  said  that  this  had  been 
haec  facta  (esse)  dixit,  \ 

I      done. 

REMARK  4.  The  passive  periphrastic  form  may 
often  be  best  translated  by  an  active  form  in  English. 
Example  :  — 

(  this  cause  ought  to  be  under- 
haec    causa    mihi    est  J      taken  by  me  ;  better, 

suscipienda,  /  ought  to  imdertake  this 


Practise  this  substitution  in  the  following  Exer- 
cises :  — 

The  preceding  examples  should  be  committed  to  memory. 

RULE  OF  SYNTAX  16,  With  the  participle  in  -dus 
the  Agent  is  in  the  Dative  ;  as,  mihi  pugnandum  est, 
/  must  fight. 

Exercise  39. 

[NOTE:  Translate  the  participle  in  -rus  by  intending-to  or 
going-to^ 

Translate:  —  1  Isti  milites  haec  castra  munitissima 
mecum  sunt  occupaturi.  2  Gallorum  principes  haec  no- 
bis  dicturi  erant.  3  Te  Gallis  ipsis  bellum  (esse)  facturum 
dixerunt.  4  Haec  tibi  curae  futura  *  sunt.  6  Vos  ilia 
omnia  confecturos  (esse)  audiveramus.  6  Rex  haec  in 

*  See  paradigm  of  sum. 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  6 1 

bonam  partem  *  accepturus  esse  dicitur.  7  Eos  vallum 
turribus  altioribus  munituros  esse  auditur.  8Omnia 
tibi  erunt  facienda.  9Praesidia  belli  meliora  paranda 
erant.  10Ex  equis  pugnandum  est.  nAudient  sibi 
pugnandum  esse.  12Cura  horum  operum  nobis  fuit 
suscipienda.f  13  Omnia  tua  tibi  tecum  portanda  (esse) 
dixit.  14Mora  pugnae  vobis  non  est  facienda.  15Id 
oppidum  veterrimum  nobis  est  delendum.  16  Ipsi  sine 
mora  se  interfecturi  fuerunt.  f 

Exercise  3O. 

Translate  into  Latin :  —  *  We  are  going  to  carry  all 
our  things  with  us.  2They  were  going  to  kill  the  king 
himself.  3  You  ought  to  be  led  with  us  into  the  same 
town  and  by  the  same  way.  4He  said  that  he  J  was 
intending  to  make  war.  5  Those  very  ancient  towns 
ought  not  to  be  destroyed  by  our  chief.  6  That  whole 
work  is  going  to  be  (for)  a  care  to  you.  7  Our  cause 
ought  to  be  heard  by  you,  and  yours  §  by  us.  8  They 
said  that  they  J  alone  were  going  to  fight  on  horseback. 
9  You  ought  to  hear  ||  this  for  my  sake.  10  We  have 
been  warned  that  we  must  speak.  n  They  heard  that 
they  \  must  fight.  12  We  ourselves  ought  to  make  war. 
13  We  heard  that  they  If  would  have  taken**  everything 
in  good  part.  14  Our  king  is  intending  to  send  not-a 
soldier  to  that  war. 


*  In  bonam  partem  accipere  =  "  to  take  in  good  part." 
t  See  Note  on  amaturus  and  amandus  fui,  fine  print,  page  59. 
\  Reflexive. 

§   Your  agreeing  with  cause  understood.     A  noun,  already  just  used, 
is  omitted  in  Latin,  as  in  English.     See  Exercise  27,  Note  *. 
||  See  REMARK  4,  page  60. 
IT  Not  reflexive. 
**  See  Exercise  29,  Note  t» 


62  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

XII.  —  PARTICIPLES  AND  PARTICIPIAL  PHRASES. 

An  important  peculiarity  (or  idiom)  in  which  the 
Latin  differs  from  the  English  is  in  the  use  of  partici- 
ples and  participial  phrases,  where  the  English  uses 
clauses  ;  that  is,  verbs  in  agreement  with  nominative 
cases.  Thus,  milites  in  oppidum  accept!  princi- 
pem  interfecerunt  would  be  best  rendered  in  Eng- 
lish, "the  soldiers,  when  they  had  been  received  into 
the  town,  killed  the  chief.  Compare  the  follow- 
ing:— 

A.  milites  opus  susceptum  confecerunt,  trans- 
lated, — 

T  ..      n  (  The  soldiers  finished  the  undertaken 

i  .   Literally         < 

(      work  ; 

better, 

(The  soldiers  finished  the  work  which 
they  had  undertaken  ;  or, 
The  soldiers  undertook  and  finished 
the  work. 

B.  Romani  Gallos  exceptos  interficiunt,  trans- 
lated, — 

T     T't      II  J  The  Romans  kill  the  Gauls  having 

\      been  caught; 

better, 

f  The*  Romans  kill  the  Gauls  when  they 

have  caught  them  ;  or, 
2.  Idiomatically 


[ 


Gauls. 


292;  G.  667,  671;  H.  549,4,  5. 
Commit  the  preceding  examples  to  memory. 


for  Reading  Casar.  63 

Exercise  31. 

Translate  the  following  participles  idiomatically :  — 
1  Principes  milites  receptos  monebat.  2  Oppida  a 
Gallis  in  silvis  asperrimis  conlocata  sumus  occupa- 
turi.  8Galli  pila  a  militibus  in  oppidum  missa  exci- 
piebant.  4  Pila  excepta  mittuntur.  5  Corpora  militum 
interfectorum  sunt  recipienda.  6  Haec  a  te  dicta  nos 
cura  gravissima  afficiunt.  7  Romani  oppida  capta  dele- 
bant.  8Castra  a  Romanis  vallo  alto  munita  capta 
erunt.  9  Romani  turres  ipsas  a  Gallis  conlocatas  dele- 
turi  fuerunt  captas. 

Exercise  32. 

Translate  into  Latin,  rendering  the  italicized  words 
by  participles:  —  1We  will  catch  the  javelins  which 
have  been  thrown  by  the  Romans.  2  They  have  destroyed 
the  defences  which  had  been  prepared  by  the  Romans. 
8  The  soldiers  will  weep  for  the  chief  who  has  been 
killed  by  the  servants.  4The  Romans  took  and  de- 
stroyed the  towns  of  the  Gauls.  6The  soldiers  recov- 
ered and  wept  (over)  the  body  of  the  chief  who  had 
been  killed.  6  They  will  catch  and  kill  the  soldier. 

The  Ablative  Absolute. 

The  constantly  recurring  participial  phrase  is  called 
the  ABLATIVE  ABSOLUTE.  Instead  of  a  noun  in  the 
nominative  case  with  a  verb  in  agreement,  the  noun 
(or  pronoun)  is  put  in  the  ablative  case  with  a  participle 
in  agreement.  The  ablative  noun  and  its  participle 
are,  however,  to  be  translated  just  like  the  nominative 
case  and  its  verb,  a  conjunction  (when,  after,  while, 
because,  if,  although,  and  the  like)  being  prefixed. 
See  255  ;  G.  408,  409 ;  H.  431,  i,  2. 


64  Six   Weeks    Preparation 

The  participles  thus  employed  are  the  present  (in 
-ns),  and  oftener  the  perfect  (in  -tus) ;  rarely  the 
others. 

1 .  Examples  with  perfect  participles  :  — 

bello  facto,  after  war  had  been  made. 
castris  munitis,  when  the  camp  had  been  fortified. 
turri  conlocata,  after  a  tower  had  been  placed. 
praesidio  parato,  when  defence  had  been  prepared. 
militibus  missis,  when  soldiers  had  been  sent. 

The  same  examples  may  also  be  rendered  participi- 
ally ;  as,  having  made  war,  or  after  making  war ;  hav- 
ing fortified  a  camp,  or  the  camp  being  fortified,  etc. 

2.  Examples  with  present  participles  :  — 

principe  imperante,  while  the  chief  was  commanding, 

or  under  command  of  the  chief. 
me  dicente,  while  I  was  speaking. 
flentibus  nostris,  while  our  {friends)  were  weeping. 

Commit  the  preceding  examples  to  memory. 

Like  the  foregoing  examples,  i  and  2,  translate  the 
following  clauses  introduced  by  italicized  conjunc- 
tions :  — 

Exercise  33. 

[NOTE  :  Only  a  noun  or  pronoun  other  than  the  subject  of 
the  leading  verb  can  be  used  in  the  ablative  absolute.] 

1  After  the  forces  had  been  led  to  the  gates,  the 
Romans  took  the  town.  2  When  the  town  had  been 
destroyed  by  the  Romans,  the  chief  was  killed.  3  Be- 
cause the  chief  had  been  killed,  the  Gauls  wept. 
4  While  our  men  were  fighting,  a  beginning  of  flight 


for  Reading  Cczsar.  65 

was  made  by  the  Gauls.  6  While  you  were  asking-for 
delay,  the  town  was  filled  with  soldiers.  6  Although 
we  were  preparing  defences,  the  town  was  taken  by  the 
king. 

XIII.  —  SUPPLEMENTARY. 

As  introductory  to  the  concluding  Exercise,  or  to  the 
first  lesson  in  Caesar,  learn  the  following :  — 

1.  The  Fourth  and  Fifth  Declensions  of  Nouns,  68, 
69,  72,  73;  G.  67-70;  H.  116,  118,  120,  123. 

2.  Numerals,  up  to  ten,  94,  a,  b>  c\  G.  92,  93 ;  H. 
174,  175- 

3.  Relative,  Interrogative,  and  Indefinite  Pronouns, 
103,  104,  105,  a-d\  G.  103-105.     H.  187-190. 

4.  The  Comparison  of  Adverbs,  92  ;  G.  91 ;  H.  306. 

5.  Deponent  Verbs,  135;  G.  211,  141-148;  H.  231, 
232. 

6.  Abbreviated  Forms,  128,  a\  G.  151 ;  H.  235,  238. 

Suggestions.  As  to  Deponent  Verbs,  if  the  other 
paradigms  of  verbs  have  been  well  mastered,  it  is 
hardly  necessary  to  do  more  than  to  read  the  depo- 
nent paradigms  aloud  in  the  class,  giving  the  meaning 
of  each  form,  according  to  the  rule,  that  a  deponent  is 
a  verb  with  passive  form  and  active  meaning. 

For  the  tables  of  the  Synopsis  of  Deponent  Verbs,  see  Part  II. 

Irregular  and  Defective  Verbs  and  Nouns  may  be 
learned  best  by  taking  them  one  by  one,  as  they  occur 
in  daily  reading. 

Exercise  /  (optional} . 
[See  the  Vocabulary  following.] 

Translate :  —  1  Una  erat  magno  usui  res  praeparata  a 
nostris.  2  Magna  pars  diei  jam  consumpta  erat.  8  His- 


66  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

rebus  fiebat."  4  Caesar  duas  cohortes  constituit. 
5  Caesar  tres  legiones  misit.  Q  Insula  natura  est  tri- 
quetra,  cujus  unum  latus  est  contra  Galliam.  7  Caesar 
se  cum  sola  decima  legione  dixit  iturum,6  cuic  maxime 
confidebat.  8  Si  quid  his  accidit,  eundem  casum  ferunt.d 
9  Caesar  suis  imperavit,  ne  quod  telum  in  hostes  rejice- 
rent.*  10Aliquos  ex  navi  egredientes  conspexerant. 
11  Quaecumque  bella  geri  vis,e  sine  ullo  labore  tuo  ego 
conficiam.  12  Caesar  aliquid  novi  consilii/  a  barbaris 
inhume  esse  suspicabatur.  13Dumnorigi  custodes 
ponit,  ut  quae  agat,A  quibuscum  loquatur,*  scire  pos- 
sit.-f'*  14  Caesar  constituit,  quid  vectigalis/  Britannia 
penderet*  15  Remis  contendit,  ut  earn  partem  insulae 
caperet,*  qua  optimus  esset l  egressus. 

Vocabulary  to  Exercise  f. 

[The  figures  indicate  the  declension  or  conjugation :  n.  =  neuter.] 
usus,  4,  use.  constituo,  3,  -i,  -tus,  station, 

prae-paro,  I ,  prepare.  determine. 

jam,  already.  legio,  3,  legion  (5000  men), 

consume,  3,  -psi,  -ptus,  con-    insula,  I,  island. 

sume.  natura,  I,  nature. 

Caesar,  3,  Ccesar.  triquetrus,   -a,  -um,  triangu- 

cohors,  3,  cohort  (500  men).          lar. 

a  Fio,  142;  G.  188;  H.  294. 
b  Eo,  141;  G.  185;  H.  295. 
c  "  In  which,"  227;  G.  345;  H.  385,  II. 
d  Fero,  139;  G.  186;  H.  292. 
e  Volo,  138;  G.  189;  H.  293. 
/2i6,  3;  G.  371;  H.  397,  3. 
g  In-eo,  141;  G.  185;  H.  295. 
h  334;  G.  469;  H.  529,  I. 
i  quibuscum  =  cum  quibus. 
j  120,  b\  G.  115;  H.  290,  II. 
k  317;  G.  545;  H.  497,  II. 
/  342;  G.  631;  H.  529,  II. 


for  Reading  Ccesar. 


latus,  g.  lateris,  3,  n.  side. 

contra,  opposite. 

Gallia,  I,  Gaul. 

decimus,  -a,  -um,  tenth. 

maxima,  most. 

con-fido,  3,  -fisus,  confide. 

ac-cido,  3,  -i,  happen. 

casus,  4,  lot. 

ne  quis,  that —  not  any. 

telum,  2,  missile. 

hostis,  3,  enemy. 

re-jicio,  3,  -jeci,  -jectus,  throw 
back. 

navis,  3,  ship. 

e-gredior,  3,  -i,  -ssus,  go  out, 
disembark. 

con-spicio,  3,  -exi,  -ectus,  be- 
hold. 

gero,  3,  gessi,  gestus,  wage. 

ullus,  -a,  -um,  any. 


labor,  3,  labor. 

novus,  -a,  -um,  new. 

consilium,  2,  plan. 

barbari,  2,  plural,  barbarians. 

in-eo,  4,  enter  into,  devise. 

suspicor,  i,  suspect. 

Dumnorix,  3,  Dumnorix. 

custos,  3,  guard. 

pono,  3,  posui,  positus,  set. 

ut,  so  that. 

ag°»  3,  egi,  actus,  do. 

loquor,  3,  -i,  locutus,  speak. 

scio,  4,  know. 

vectigal,  3,  n.  tribute. 

Britannia,  I,  Britain* 

pendo,  3,  -i,  -sus,  pay. 

remus,  2,  oar. 

con-tendo,  3,  -i,  -tus,  endeavor. 

qua,  where. 

egressus,  4,  landing. 


XIV. —  DIRECTIONS  FOR  BEGINNING  TO  READ. 

[The  following  suggestions  are  offered  to  those  who  may  not 
find  accessible  the  book  referred  to  in  the  Preface,  as  a  helpful 
sequel  to  these  Exercises.] 

The  best  reading  book  is  the  Latin  author  himself. 
Easier  steps  for  the  beginner  are  made  by  no  "  Reader," 
than  any  teacher  may  make  for  his  class  by  selecting  at 
first  the  simple  sentences  of  Caesar,  postponing  those 
that  are  more  complex  and  difficult,  until  a  little  prac- 
tice has  been  gained,  and  the  formidable  look,  which  a 
Latin  author  at  first  wears  to  a  beginner,  has  worn  off. 
It  is  better  for  beginners  to  postpone  the  First  Book 
of  Caesar,  replete  with  speeches  in  indirect  discourse, 


68  Six   Weeks'  Preparation 

until  the  Second,  Third,  and  Fourth  have  been  read. 
As  a  suggestion  of  the  way  in  which  progressive  read- 
ing lessons  may  be  made  off-hand  by  every  teacher, 
according  to  the  varying  capacity  of  his  pupils,  the 
second  section  of  the  Second  Book  of  Caesar's  Gallic 
War  is  here  presented,  passing  by  the  first  section  as 
too  complex  in  its  construction  for  present  use. 

Brackets  indicate  the  sentences  selected  for  reading. 
The  notes  indicate  grammatical  points  to  be  referred  to 
by  the  teacher. 

[His  nuntiis  litterisque  comm5tus  Caesar  duas  legi- 
ones  in  citeriore  *  Gallia  novas  *  conscripsit,]  et  inita 
aestate,  in  interiorem  Galliam  qui  deduceret,  [Quin- 
tum  Pedium  legatum  f  misit.]  Ipse,  cum  primum  pa- 
buli  copia  esse  inciperet,  ad  exercitum  venit:  [datj 
negotium  Senonibus  reliquisque  Gallis,  qui  §  finitimi 
Belgis  f  erant,]  uti  ea,  quae  apud  eos  gerantur,  cogno- 
scant,  seque  de  his  rebus  certiorem  faciant.  [Hi  con- 
stanter*  omnes  nuntiaverunt,  manus  ||  cogi,  exercitum 
in  unum  locum  conduci.]  Turn  vero  dubitandum  non 
existimavit,  quin  ad  eos  proficisceretur.  [Re  frumen- 
taria  comparata,  castra  movet,  diebusque  circiter  quin- 
decim  ad  fines  ||  Belgarum  pervenit.  1"] 

The  third  and  fourth  sections,  and  the  first  part  of 
the  fifth  section,  may  be  skipped,  on  account  of  the 
indirect  discourse  which  they  contain ;  also  the  four- 
teenth section,  and  likewise,  perhaps,  the  twenty-fifth. 

*  Comparison. 

f  Rule  for  case. 

\  Formation  of  perfect  tense. 

§  Rule  for  construction  of  relative. 

||  Gender  and  rule. 

IT  How  recognized  to  be  a  present  tense. 


for  Reading  Ccesar.  69 

The  omissions  becoming  less  frequent,  and  the  selec- 
tions gradually  including  the  more  difficult  subjunctive 
and  infinitive  constructions,  nearly  the  whole  of  the 
last  third  of  the  book  may  be  read  unbroken,  and  a 
review  will  quickly  supply  the  omitted  portions. 

XV.  —  RECOMPOSITION. 

Constant  practice  in  turning  English  into  Latin  is 
indispensable  to  permanent  mastery  of  the  inflectional 
forms.  More  is  requisite  for  this  than  a  weekly  exer- 
cise in  some  manual  of  Latin  Prose  Composition.  The 
Latin  read  each  day  furnishes  material  for  a  few  sen- 
tences of  English  to  be  turned  back  into  Latin.  In 
this  Recomposition,  the  vocabulary  is  before  the  eye, 
and  nothing  is  necessary  but  to  make  changes  in  voice, 
tense,  case,  etc. 

For  example :  out  of  the  first  three  of  the  preceding 
bracketed  selections,  a  number  of  sentences  like  the 
following  may  be  made  :  — 

These  tidings  disturbed  Caesar.  Two  new  legions 
had  been  enrolled  by  Caesar.  Two  lieutenants  will  be 
sent.  The  business  has  been  committed  to  the  neigh- 
boring Belgians. 

The  preferableness  of  these  impromptu  exercises, 
varying  with  successive  classes,  and  avoiding  the  evil 
of  inherited  copies,  is  at  once  apparent.  Similar  exer- 
cises in  recomposition  may  be  practised  upon  every 
author  that  is  read.  After  sufficient  facility  is  gained, 
such  exercises  may  be  wholly  impromptu,  and  done  at 
sight  in  every  lesson. 


PART    II. 


FOR  BEGINNERS  IN  CESAR. 


PART    SECOND. 


HINTS  FOR  HELP  IN  TRANSLATING. 

READ  through  each  sentence,  before  translating  it, 
pronouncing  every  word ;  and  looking,  first  for  the 
verb,  or,  if  there  are  several  verbs,  for  the  leading 
verb.  If  the  verbs  are  of  different  moods,  the  lead- 
ing verb,  except  in  indirect  discourse,  will  commonly 
be  in  the  indicative. 

After  finding  the  verb,  look  to  see  whether  its  sub- 
ject is  expressed,  or  whether  it  is  merely  implied  in 
the  termination  of  the  verb. 

Whether  the  subject  is  expressed,  or  merely  im- 
plied, look  next  for  the  modifiers  of  the  subject. 
Then  look  for  the  modifiers  of  the  verb :  the  adverb, 
if  any,  first;  then  the  direct  object,  —  either  an  accu- 
sative or  a  clause  ;  then  the  indirect  object,  genitive, 
dative,  or  ablative. 

The  subject  of  any  verb  may  be  found  by  throwing 
the  verb  into  the  form  of  a  question,  preceded  by 
what ;  as,  erat,  was  —  WHAT  was  ? 

The  subject  of  a  verb  used  impersonally,  must  be 
supplied  from  the  verb  itself;  as,  provisum  est 
(literally,  it  has  been  provided),  provision  has  been 
made. 


74  Hints  for  Help  in  Translating. 

Accurate  translation  depends  specially  on  noticing 
these  things ;  viz.,  the  case- en  dings,  the  personal  end- 
ings, and  the  signs  of  voice,  system,  tense,  and  mood. 

A  literal  translation  is  often  awkward  English ; 
therefore,  after  getting  the  literal  sense,  put  it  into 
the  best  English  that  preserves  the  exact  meaning  of 
the  Latin. 

The  Relative  Pronoun,  Qui,  is  often  used  in  Latin 
to  connect  sentences  which,  in  English,  are  con- 
nected by  a  conjunction.  The  relative  is,  in  such 
connections,  generally  translated  by  a  conjunction, 
with  a  demonstrative  pronoun  of  the  same  number, 
gender,  and  case  as  the  relative  :  — 

'et  is,  and  he:  Quos  quum  conspexisset.    Caes. 

B.  G.  I.  xlvii. 
sed  is,  but  — :  QUOD  ubi  Caesar  resciit.    B.  G.  I. 

xxviii. 
si  is,  if  — :  QUOD  commodo  reipublicae  facere 

posset.     B.  G.  I.  xxxv. 
ut  is,  that  — :  Misit  QUI  cognoscerent.    B.  G.  I. 

xxi. 
quum  is,  since  — - :  Qui  Ariovistum  recepissent. 

B.  G.  I.  xxxii. 
though  — :    GUI    rationi    locus     fuisset 

B.  G.  I.  xl. 
nam  ia,for  — :  Cum  decima  legione  de  QUA  non 

dubitaret.    B.  G.  I.  xl. 

The  Interrogative  Pronoun,  Quis,  is  to  be  trans- 
lated by  the  Indefinite  any,  after  si,  if,  nisi,  unless  ; 
ne,  that — not;  also,  num;  and  the  prefixes,  ec- 
and  ali-.  Likewise,  the  interrogative  adverbs,  quo, 


Hints  for  Help  in  Translating.  75 

whither  ?  quando,  when  ?  ubi,  where  ?  become  in- 
definite  after  the  same  particles  and  prefixes. 

Neque  is  used  to  signify  and  not,  or  but  not,  when 
an  indicative  follows  j  but,  when  a  subjunctive  fol- 
lows, neve  or  neu. 

Ut  generally  signifies  that,  before  a  subjunctive 
(that  not,  before  verbs  of  fearing) ;  but,  before  an 
indicative,  it  is  commonly  translated  by  as  or 
when. 

Dum  generally  signifies  until,  before  a  subjunc* 
tive;  but,  before  an  indicative,  it  generally  signifies 
while. 

In  translating  the  partitive  genitive,  after  a  neuter 
adjective  or  pronoun,  of,  as  the  sign  of  the  genitive, 
should  generally  be  omitted  ;  as,  plus  doloris,  more 
grief;  quantum  boni,  how  much  good. 

Quum,  followed  by  a  pluperfect  tense  denoting 
time,  may  often  be  translated  by  the  participle  hav- 
ing; as,  quum  vidisset,  having  seen. 

The  subjunctive  with  ut  or  qui,  denoting  purpose, 
must  often  be  translated  by  the  English  infinitive, 
but  sometimes  by  a  participle  ;  as,  — 

Huic  permisit,  uti  legionem  collocaret, 

He  gave  him  permission  TO  STATION  the  legion. 

Equitatum,  qui  hostium  impetum  sustineret,  misit, 
,  He  sent  the  cavalry  TO  WITHSTAND  the  onset  of  the 
enemy. 

eo  consilio,  ut  Caesarem  intercluderet, 
with  the  design  OF  CUTTING  Ccesar  off. 


76  Hints  for  Help  in  Translating. 

The  subjunctive  with  ne,  denoting  a  negative  pur- 
pose, is  likewise  often  to  be  translated  by  the  English 
infinitive,  with  not ;  as,  — 

Suis  imperavit,  ne  quod  telum  in  hostes  rejicerent, 

He  ordered  his  men  NOT  TO  THROW  any  missile  back  at 
the  enemy 

The  subjunctive  with  ne,  quin,  or  quominus,  after 
deterreo,  prohibeo,  and  other  verbs  of  hindering,  is 
to  be  translated  by  from  with  a  participle  ;  as,  — 

deterrere  ne  major  multitude  transducatur, 
to  deter  a  greater  number  FROM  CROSSING. 
deterrere  quin  cum  his  consentirent, 
to  deter  FROM  JOINING  THE  LEAGUE  with  these. 

When  a  double  dative  occurs,  the  sign  to  or  for 
must  be  omitted  before  the  dative  of  service,  or  must 
be  substituted  by  as,  — 

Amicitiam  populi  Roman!  sibi  ornamento  et  prae- 
sidio,  non  detrimento,  esse  oportere, 

The  friendship  of  the  Roman  people  ought  to  be  to  him 
an  honor  and  defence,  not  a  detriment. 

Decimam  legionem  subsidio  nostris  misit, 

He  sent  the  tenth  legion  AS  a  reinforcement  to  (or,  to 
reinforce)  our  men. 

For  the  idiomatic  translation  of  impersonal  and 
participial  constructions  of  various  kinds,  see  pp. 
37>  38>  59>  6o>  62>  64- 


Rules  for  the  Order  of  Words.  77 

RULES    FOR    THE    ORDER    OF    WORDS    IN 
LATIN    SENTENCES. 

1.  The  subject  is   placed   first ;  the   verb,  if   not 

emphatic,  last :  CAESAR  duas  legiones  CON- 
SCRIPSIT. 

2.  The  verb,  if  emphatic,  comes  earlier,  —  some- 

times even  first :  Mosa  PROFLUIT  ex  monte 
Vosego.  REPERIEBAT  in  quaerendo  Caesar. 

3.  Emphatic  words  precede  the  less  emphatic  words 

connected  with  them :  Earn  partem  minime 
FIRMAM  hostium  esse  animadverterat.  But 
any  word,  except  the  verb,  may  be  placed  for 
emphasis  at  the  end. 

4.  Oblique  cases  precede  the  words  which  govern 

them,  but  follow  prepositions :  DOMUM  reverti 
coeperunt;  Trans  ID  FLUMEN. 

5.  A  genitive,  depending  on  a  neuter  pronoun  or 

adjective,  follows  it :  Quid  sui  CONSILII  sit 
ostendit. 

6.  A  genitive  (not  objective),  limiting  a  noun  with 

which  an  adjective  is  joined,  follows  the  ad- 
jective, and  precedes  the  noun :  Maximus 
MILITUM  numerus. 

7.  If  a  subjective  and  an  objective  genitive  limit 

the  same  noun,  the  subjective  precedes  the 
noun,  and  the  objective  follows  it :  Pro  veteri- 
bus  HELVETIORUM  injuriis  POPULI  ROMANI. 

8.  Demonstrative  pronouns,  adjectives  when  em- 

phatic, numerals,  correlatives,  and  adjectives 
which  denote  a  part  of  their  subject,  precede 


78  Rules  for  the  Order  of  Words. 

their  nouns :  IPSA  victoria.  Quum  legiones 
MAGNUM  spatium  abessent.  DECEM  dies.  TA- 
Lis  vir.  De  MEDIA  nocte. 

9.     Infinitives  precede  the  verbs  on  which  they  de- 
pend :  Castra  MUNIRE  jussit. 

10.  A  very  short  word,  connected  with  a  very  long 

word,  precedes  it :  VIR  fortissimus. 

11.  Adverbs  regularly  stand  immediately  before  the 

words  which  they  modify:  Hostes  REPENTE 
CELERITERQUE  procurrerunt. 

12.  Autem,  enim,    and   vero,  but,  follow  the  first 

word  of  their  clause.  When  the  first  two 
words  belong  together,  or  when  one  of  them 
is  the  verb  sum,  autem,  &c.,  may  stand  third. 

13.  Quidem,   indeed,  and    quoque,   also,  follow  the 

word  to  which  they  give  emphasis.  Ne  qui- 
dem,  not  even,  takes  the  emphatic  word  be- 
tween ne  and  quidem. 

14.  The  enclitics,  que,  ne,  ve,  are  usually  subjoined 

to  the  first  word  in  their  clause. 

TABLE  OF  CORRELATIVES. 

who,     qui.  whither,  quo.  howy    quam.  whence,          unde. 

is.      thither^  eo.      so,        tarn.  thence*  inde. 

he,  or    hie.    where,    ubi.    when,  quum.  of  what  kind,  qualis. 

that.      iste.  there,      ibi.     then,    turn.  of  such  kind,  talis. 

ille. 

how  great,  quantus.     how  many,  quot.  how  often,  quoties. 

so  great,       taiitus.        so  many,      tot.  so  often,      to  ties. 

WITH    COMPARATIVES.  IN  CO-ORDINATE  CLAUSES 

quo  —  eo .« ,  or  quanto  —  tanto.         cum — turn . 

the  —    the .  not  only  —  but  also. 


The  Formation  of  Words.  79 


THE  FORMATION  OF  WORDS. 

[For  particulars,  consult  the  Grammar.    The  following  table  explains 
the  formation  of  words  only  so  far  as  exemplified  in  Caesar.] 

A.    Nouns  are  formed  as  follows  :  — 

[A  dot  underneath  a  letter  of  the  stem  indicates  that  it  disappears 
in  the  derivative.] 

I.     FROM  NOUN  STEMS. 

1.  Quantitative,  denoting  small  size  (diminutives) :  — 

STEM.  SUFFIX. 

adolescent,  youth,    -ulus,  adolescentulus,  very  young  man 

lingua,  tongue,  -ula,  lingula,  little  tongue. 

8ag9,  mantle,  -ulum,  sagulum,  short  cloak 

navi,  ship,  -cula,  navicula,  skiff. 

2.  Qualitative,  denoting  some  characteristic  :  — 

sen,  old  man,  -atus,  senatus,  senate. 

hered,  heir,  -itas,  hereditas,  inheritance. 

sagitta,  arrow,  -anus,  Sagittarius,  archer. 

via,  way,  -ator,  Viator,  wayfarer* 

fimda,  sling,  -itor,  funditor,  slinger. 

client,  client,  -ela,  clientela,/ra/^/w». 

virp,  man,  -tua,  Virtus,  bravery. 

testi,  witnes^  -imonium,   testiinonium,  testimony. 

II.    FROM  ADJECTIVE  STEMS. 
Abstract  nouns :  — 


STBM. 

bono,  good, 
Iiber9,  free, 
pio,  dutiful, 
juveni,  young, 
Clement,  clement, 
tristi,  sad, 
molli,  weak, 
magno,  great, 

SUFFIX. 

-itas, 
-tas, 
-etas, 
-tua, 
-ia, 
-itia, 
-ities, 
-itudo, 

bonitas,  goodness. 
libertas,   liberty. 
pietas,  dutifulness. 

Juventus,  youth. 
dementia,  clemency. 
tristitia,  sadness. 
mollities,  weakness. 
ZUagnitudO,  greatnesi 

8o 


The  Formation  of  Words. 


III.    FROM  VERB  STEMS. 
[(s)  signifies  the  supine  stem.] 
I.     Denoting  the  action  of  the  verb,  abstractly :  — 


STEM. 

ama,  love, 
impera,  order,  ) 
init  (s.),  enter,  \ 
leg,  collect,        J 
stat{s.),  Jte»</s  ) 
junct  (s.  ),/?/*, 
Viet  (s.),  live, 


SUFFIX. 

-or, 
-ium, 

-io, 

-ura, 

-us, 


amor,  love. 
imperium,  command, 
initium,  beginning. 
legio,  legion. 
statio,  station. 
junctura,  junction. 
Victus,  living. 


2.     Denoting  the  Result,  Means,  or  Agent  of  the  action : 


flu,  flow,  -men, 

impedi,  hinder,  -menturn, 

pa,  feed,  -bulum, 

recepta,  take  back,  -culum, 


jaci,  throw, 
Simula,  imitate, 
cub,  lie  down, 
rapi,  seize, 
port  a,  carry, 
Viet  (s.),  conquer, 


-ulum, 

-cruno, 

-lie, 

-ma, 

-orium, 

-or, 


flumen,  stream. 
impedimentum,  hindrance. 
pabulum,  fodder. 
receptaculum,  retreat. 
jaculum,  javelin. 
simulacrum,  likeness. 
CUblle,  resting-place. 
rapma,  plunder. 

portorium,  toll. 
victor,  conqtteror. 


B.    Adjectives  are  formed  as  follows  :  — 
I.    FROM  NOUN  STEMS. 
I.    Denoting  Quality  :  — 


STEM. 

ped,  foot, 
auxilio,  aid, 
ira,  anger, 
terra,  earth, 
equo,  horse, 
liguo,  wood, 
bello,  war, 
puero,  boy, 
reg,  'king, 

periculo,  danger, 
diu  (abl.  case),  long. 


SUFFIX. 

-alis,  pedalis,  of  a  foot. 

-aris,  auxiliaris,  auxiliary. 

-cundus,  iracundus,  irascible. 

-enus,  terrenus,  of  earth. 

-ester,  equ ester,  equestrian. 

-eus,  ligneus,  wooden. 

-icus,  bellicus,  warlike. 

-ilis,  puerilis,  childish. 

-ius,  regius,  royal. 

-6sus,  periculosus,  dangerous. 

-tinus,  diutinus,  lasting. 


The  Formation  of  Words.  8 1 

2.     Denoting  Relation :  — 

Roma,  Rome,  -anus,  Romanus,  Roman. 

,  ala,  wing,  -arius,  alarius,  on  the  wings. 

Avarico,  A  varicum,  -ensis,  Avaricensis,  of  A  varicum^ 

ali9,  other,  -enus,  alienus,  of  another. 

Galto,  Gaul,  -icus,  Qallicus,  Gallic. 

tnari,  sea,  -timus,  maritimus,  maritime 


II.    FROM  ADJECTIVE  STEMS. 

repent,  sudden,        -mus,  repentmus,  sudden. 

paPVO,  small,  -ulus,  parvulus,  pretty  sntatt+ 


III.    FROM  VERB  STEMS. 

1.  With  Active  signification :  — 

STEM.  SUFFIX. 

fer,  bear,  -ax,  ferax,  fertile. 

Cupi,  desire,  -idus,  Cupidus,  desirous. 

vaca,  be  empty,  -UUS,  vaCUUS,  empty. 

2.  With  Passive  signification  :  — 

horre,  dread,  -bills,  horribilis,  horrible. 

dedit  (s.)»  surrender,  -icius,  dediticius,  surrender^ 

faci,  makti  -ills,  facilis,  easy. 

exim,  take  out,           -ius,  eximius,  choice. 

oapt  (s.),  take,  -ivus,  captlvus,  captive. 

IV.  FROM  PARTICLES. 

STEM.  SUFFIX. 

tontra,  opposite,        -arius,  contrarius,  contrary. 

clam,  secretly,  -destmus,    clandestmus,  secret. 

C.    Verbs  are  formed  as  follows  :  — 

I.    FROM  NOUN  AND  ADJECTIVE  STEMS. 

STEM.  SUFFIX. 

nomin,  name,         j  nomino,  name. 

aequx>,  equal,        \  aequo,  make  equal. 


82  Formation  by  Composition. 


II.  FROM  VERB  STEMS. 

I.     Frequentative:  — 

vers  (s.),  trirn,  -o,  versor  (dep.),  move  about. 

clam  a,  cry,       j  clamito,  bawl. 

vent  (s.),  come, )  '  ventito,  come  often. 

laci,  draw,  -esso,  lacesso,  attack. 

ad-ole,  increase^  -SCO,  adolesco,  grow  up. 

D.    Adverbs  are  formed  from  adjective  stems,  as  follows: 

STEM.  SUFFIX. 

1  caut9,  cautious,          -6,  caute,  cautiously. 

2  prudent,  prudent,    -er,  prudenter,  prudently. 
2forti,  brave,                -ter,                 fortiter,  bravely. 

antique,  ancient,       -itus,  antiquitus,  anciently. 

paulo,  little,  -atim,          paulatim,  gradually. 

passo,  spread,  -im,  passim,  here  and  there. 

1  Mostly  from  Declension  II.          2  Mostly  from  Declension  III. 

Many   adverbs   are  merely  cases   of   nouns,  pro- 
nouns, or  adjectives. 


FORMATION  BY  COMPOSITION. 

Many  compound  verbs  are  formed  by  prefixing  to 
the  simple  verb  a  preposition  with  an  adverbial  sig- 
nification. The  following  prepositions  are  thus  used 
in  Caesar :  — 

a  -|-  verto,  turn  OFF,  avert. 

ab  +  duco,  lead  AWAY,  withdraw. 

*  ad  -f-  cedo,  go  TO,  approach. 

ante  +  fero,  bear  BEFORE,  prefer. 

circum  -)-  munio,  wall  AROUND,  fortify  completely. 

*con  (i.e.,  cum)  -f-  loco, place  FIRM,  establish,  station. 

de  +  pello,  drive  AWAY. 

e  +  venio,  comt  OUT,  result,  happen. 


Formation  by  Composition.  83 

*  ex  -f-  fero,  carry  FORTH,  raise,  publish. 

*  in  -f-  rumpo,  break  IN. 

inter  +  facio  (p  84,  2),  kill  (make  IN  PIECES). 

*  ob  -f-  curro,  run  TOWARD,  meet. 
post  -f-  pono,  put  AFTER,  postpone. 

prae  -f-  claudo  (p.  84,  4),  close  BEFORE,  block  up. 
praeter  +  mitto,  pass  BY,  omit. 
pro  +  eo  (prod-eo),£-0  FORTH. 

*  sub  +  teneo,  hold  UNDER,  sustain,  resist. 
super  +  sedeo,  refrain  from  (sit  ABOVE.) 

*  See  rules  for  assimilation  in  the  Grammar. 


Also  the  following  prefixes,  which  are  not  used 
except  in  compound  words  :  — 

di  +  rapio  (p.  84,  2),  tear  ASUNDER,  ravage,  pillage. 

dis  +  cedo,  go  ASUNDER,  depart. 

por  +  rego  (p.  84,  i),  stretch  FORTH,  extend. 

re  +  verto,  turn  BACK,  return. 

Ted  +  eo,  go  BACK,  return. 

se  +  vooo,  call  ASIDE. 

Some  of  the  above  prefixes  have  special  meanings 
in  connection  with  adjectives^  —  especially  in,  per, 
and  sub  :  — 

in  +  commodus,  NOT  convenient. 

per  -f-  pauci,  VERY  few. 

sub  +  dolus,  SOMEWHAT  crafty. 


84 


Vowel  Changes  in  Composition. 


VOWEL  CHANGES  IN  COMPOSITION. 

I.    IN  THE  STEM  OF  THE  PRESENT  TENSE. 

[The  figures  denote  the  conjugation.] 

1.  a  is  changed  to  e,  in  the  following  :  — 

damno,  I,  con-denino,  condemn. 

arceo,  2,  ex-erceo,  exercise. 

carpo,  3,  de-cerpo,  pluck  off. 

gradior,  3,  trans-gredior,  pass  over. 

patior,  3,  per-petior,  suffer  patiently. 

rego,  3>  por-rigo,  extend. 

scando,  3,  ad-scendo,  ascend. 

spargo,  3,  ad-spergo,  besprinkle. 

2.  a  is  changed  to  i,  in  the  following  :  — 

habeo,  2,  pro-hibeo,  prevent. 

ago,  3,  red-igo,  reduce. 

cado,  3,  in-cido,  fall  upon. 

facio,  3,  per-ficio,  perform. 

frango,  3,  per-fringo,  break  through. 

jacio,  3,  ob-jicio,  throw  against. 

rapio,  3,  di-ripio,  pillage. 

statuo,  3,  in-stituo,  institute,  undertake, 

tango,  3,  con-tingo,  touch,  happen. 

salio,  4,  de-silio,  leap  down. 

3     ae  is  changed  to  i,  in  the  following :  — 

aestimo,      i,      ex-istimo,  reckon. 
caedo,          3,      oc-cido,  slay. 
quaero,        3,      con-quiro,  seek  out. 

4.    au  is  changed  to  u,  in  the  following  :  T- 
claudo,        3,      iiiter-cludo,  cut  off. 


Vowel  Changes  in  Composition.  85 

5.  e  is  changed  to  i,  in  the  following :  — 
sedeo,          2,      ob-sideo,  blockade. 
emo,  3,      dir-imo,  break  off. 
lego,             3,      de-ligo,  choose. 
premo,         3,      op-primo,  crush. 
specie,         3,      per-spicio,  see  through. 

6.  ua  is  changed  to  u,  in  :  — 
quatio,         3,       per-cutio,  strike. 

7.  Those  compounds  of  do  which  are  of  the  Third  Con- 
jugation change  to  e,  in  the  present  infinitive,  and  to  i,  in  the 
perfect  and  perfect  participle;   as, — 

do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  £7V<?. 

per-do,         per-dere,         per-didi,         per-ditus,  destroy. 

II.  IN  THE  PERFECT  AND  SUPINE  STEMS,  vowel  changes 
take  place  according  to  the  following  rule  :  — 

When  a,  ae,  or  e,  in  the  present  stem  of  the  simple  verb,  is 
changed  in  the  compound  to  i,  i  is  retained  in  the  perfect  and 
supine  stems  of  the  compound,  if  the  supine  stem  of  the  sim- 
ple verb  is  dissyllabic  ;  as,  — 

HABE-O,  HABU-i,  HABIT-US. 

pro-HiBE-o,  pro-HiBU-i,  pro-HiBiT-us. 

But  if  the  supine  stem  of  the  simple  verb  is  monosyllabic, 
the  perfect  stem  of  the  compound  verb  (i)  usually  retains 
the  vowel  of  the  simple  verb,  but  (2)  sometimes  changes  a  or 
e  to  i;  while  (3)  the  supine  stem  of  the  compound  is  always 
formed  in  e ;  as,  — 

1.  FACI-O,  FEC-i,  FACT-US. 

per-Fici-o,          per-FEC-i,  per-FEcr-us. 

2.  TENE-O,  TENU-1,  TENT-US. 
SUS-TINE-O,              SUS-TINU-1,               SUS-TENT-US. 

3.  RAPI-0,  RAPU-1,  RAPT-US. 

di-RiPi-o,  di-RiPU-i,  di-REPT-us. 


86  Syllable  Changes. 

SYLLABLE  CHANGES. 

Simple  verbs  of  conjugations  i,  2,  and  3  sometimes  redupli- 
cate the  perfect  stem,  by  prefixing  to  their  initial  consonant  that 
consonant,  with  either  the  vowel  that  follows  it  or  e:  as, 
curr-o,  cu-cuRR-i;  fall-o,  fe-FELL-i. 

Compound  verbs  omit  this  reduplication,  —  except  the 
compounds  of  do,  sto,  disco,  posco,  and  some  compounds 
of  curro. 


Tables  of  the  Synopsis  of  Verbs.          87 


TABLES  OF  THE  SYNOPSIS  OF  VERBS. 

First  Conjugation. 


Present  Stem,  ending  in  a 
characteristic. 


Perfect   Stem,  ending  iu  T 
characteristic. 


Active. 

Passive.    Deponent. 

A  ctive. 

Pr. 

amO 

amor 

hortor 

( 

Pf. 

amavi 

Imp. 

amabam 

amabar 

hortabar 

IND.< 

P.Pf.  amaveram 

F. 

amabb 

amabor 

hortabor 

( 

F.Pf. 

amavero 

j 

Pr. 

amem 

amer 

hotter 

( 

Pf' 

amaverim 

SUB.  j 

Imp. 

amarem 

amarer 

hortarer 

SUB.  j 

P.Pf. 

am  a  vis  s  em 

( 

Pr. 

ama 

amare 

hortare 

INF. 

Pf' 

amavisse 

IMP.  j 

F. 

amato 

amator 

hortator 

INF.  Pr. 

amare 

amari 

hortari 

PART  "~ 

fT. 

am  axis 

°r  a 

GKR. 
GER'VB. 

amandi 

amandus 

hortaudl 
hortandus 

For  signs  of  System,  Tense,  and  Mood,  see  pp.  17,  33. 

Supine  System,  ending  in  t 
characteristic. 


Active. 

Deponent. 

PART.  F.        amaturus 

hortaturus 

INF.      F.        amaturus  esse 

hortaturus  esse 

SUP.                 amatum 

hortatum 

Passive. 

!Pf.       amatus  sum 

hortatus  sum 

P.Pf.  amatus  eram 

hortatUS  erara 

F.Pf.  amatus  ero 

hortatus  ero 

(  Pf.       amatus  sim 

hortatus  sim 

B"  (P.Pf  amatus  essem 

hortatus  essem 

(  Pf.       amatus  esse 

hortatus  esse 

(  F.         ainatu.nl  iri 
PART  Pf.        amatus 

hortatus 

SUP.                 amatu 

hortatu 

Tables  of  the  Synopsis  of  Verbs. 


Second  Conjugation. 


Present  Stem,  ending  in  e 
characteristic. 


Perfect  Stem,  ending  in  V 
characteristic. 


{Pf.       delevi 
P.Pf.  deleveram 
F.Pf.  delevero 

SUB   (  Pf'       deleverim 
i  P.Pf.  delevissera 


INF.     Pf.      deleviase 


For  signs  of  System,  Tense,  and  Mood,  see  pp.  17,  33. 
For  likeness  and  unlikeness  to  the  A  Conjugation,  see  pp. 
3>  34- 


Active. 

Passive.    Deponent. 

)Pr. 

deleo 

deleor 

vereor 

Imp. 

delebam 

delebar 

verebar 

F. 

delebo 

delebor 

verebor 

SUB.  \Pr' 

deleam 

delear 

verear 

(  Imp. 

delerem 

delerer 

vererer 

(Pr. 

dele 

delere 

verere 

IMP.  j  p 

delete 

deleter 

veretor 

INF.      Pr. 

del  ere 

deleri 

vereri 

G__ 

/q^lo-n/li 

vere 

ER. 

GBR'VB. 

aeieucu 

delendus 

verendi 
verendus 

Supine  System,  ending  in  t 

characteristic. 
A  ctive. 

PART.    F.          deleturus 
INF.       F.          deleturUfS  esse 
SUP.  deletum 


IND. 


SUB. 


IN 


IF. 

PART.    Pf. 
SUP. 


Passive. 

Pf.        deletus  sum 
P.Pf.    deletus  eram 
F.Pf.    deletus  ero 
Pf.        deletus  sim 

deletus  essem 
deletus  esse 
deletum  iri 
deletus 
deletu 


\  P.Pf. 


Deponent. 
veriturus 
veriturus  esse 
veritum 


veritUS  sum 
veritus  eram 
veritUS  ero 
veritus  sim 
veritus  essem 
veritus  esse 


veritus 
veritu 


Peculiarity :  stem-vowel  e  shortened  to  i  in  verit. 


Tables  of  the  Synopsis  of  Verbs.          89 


Fourth  Conjugation. 


Present  Stem,  ending  in  l 
characteristic. 


Perfect  Stem,  ending  in  V 
characteristic. 


Active* 

Passive.       Deponent. 

[Pr.   audio 

audior 

partiOP 

Pf.       audivi 

IND. 

Imp.  audiebam 

audiebar 

partiebar     IND. 

P.Pf.  audiveram 

F.     audiam 

audiar 

partiar 

F.Pf.  audivero 

!Pr.   audiam 

audiar 

partiar          SUB. 

Pf.      audiverim 

Imp.  audirem 

audirer 

partirer 

P.Pf.  audi  vis  sera 

Pr.    audi 

audire 

partire         INF.    Pf.      audivisso 

F.      audito 

auditor 

partitor 

INF. 
PART* 

Pr.    audire 
Pr.   audieiis 

audiri 

partiri 

parti  n 

GKR'VB. 

audiendus 

partiendus 

For  signs  of  System,  Tense,  and  Mood,  see  pp.  17,  33. 
For  likeness  and  unlikeness  to  the  E  Conjugation,  see  pp. 
23,  24,  34. 


Supine  Stem,  ending  in  t 
characteristic. 

Active. 

PART.    F.         auditurus 
INF.       F.         auditurus  esse 
SUP.  auditum 


IND. 

SUB. 

INF. 

PART. 
SUP. 


rtissi-ue. 

{Pf.  auditt 
P.Pf.  auditrj 
F.Pf.  auditu 


Passive. 

;ditus  sum 
iditus  eram 
F  Pf.    auditus  ero 
(  Pf.        auditus  sim 
(  P.Pf.    auditus  essem 
(  Pf.        auditus  esse 
(  F.          auditum  iri 
Pf.       auditus 
auditu 


Deponent, 
partiturus 
partiturus  esse 
partitum 

partitus  sum 
partitus  eram 
partitus  ero 
partitus  sim 
partitus  essem 
partitus  esse 

partitus 
partitu 


9°          Tables  of  the  Synopsis  of  Verbs. 


Third  Conjugation,  I. 


Present  Stem,  ending  in  a 
consonant. 


Perfect  Stem,  ending  in  S 
characteristic. 


A  ctive                    Passive. 

Deponent* 

{Pr.     regO             regor 

labor 

(Pf- 

rexi 

IND. 

Imp.  regebam    regebar 

abebar 

IND.  \  P.Pf. 

rex  eram 

F.       regam         regar 

abar 

(  F.Pf. 

rex  ero 

SUB. 

J  Pr.     regam         regar 

abar 

(  Pf- 

rexerim 

j  Imp.  regerem    regerer 

aberer 

\  P.Pf. 

rexissem 

IMP. 

(  Pr.     rege             regere 

abere 

INF.     Pf. 

rexisse 

j  F.       regito         regitor 

abitor 

INF. 

Pr.     regere.       regi 

abi 

PART. 
GER. 

abens 
abend! 

GER'VH.                              regendus     abendus 

For  signs  of  System,  Tense, 

and  Mood 

,  see  pp.  17, 

33- 

For  peculiarities  of  Conjugation,  see  p. 

47- 

Supine  System,  ending  in 

t  or  S 

characteristic. 

A  ctive. 

Deponent. 

PART.    F.         recturus 

lapsurus 

INF.       F.         recturus  esse 

lapsurus  esse 

SUP.                     rectum 

lapsum 

Passive. 

!Pf.        rectus  sum 

lapsus  sum 

P.Pf.    rectus  eram 

lapsus  eram 

F.Pf.    rectus  ero 

lapsus  ero 

(  Pf.        rectus  sim 
SUB      < 

lapsus  sim 

(  P.Pf.    rectus  essem 

lapsus  essem 

(  Pf.        rectus  esse 

INF.           f             -rtnm    iri 

lapsus  esse 

(  f.          rectu.ni  in 
PART.    Pf.        rectus 

lapsus 

SUP.                     rectu 

lapsu 

In 

.    .       (  rect  = 
the  analysis,    j  lapg  = 

reg  +  t 
lab  +  s. 

Tables  of  the  Synopsis  of  Verbs.          91 


Third  Conjugation,  II. 


Present  Stem,  ending  in  a  consonant, 
with  suffixed  i  before  a,  O,U,  e. 

A  ctive.  Passive.        Deponent. 


Perfect  System,  Stem  length- 
ened. 


{" 

Pr. 

capio 

capior 

gradior                    ( 

(Pf- 

cepi 

Imp. 

capiebam 

capiebar 

gradiebar    IND.  < 

P-Pf- 

ceperam 

F. 

capiam 

capiar 

gradiar 

\F.Pf. 

cepero 

SUB.     J 

Pr, 

capiam 

capiar 

gradiar         SUB 

(Pf- 

c'perim 

Imp.  caperem 

caperer 

graderer             i 

\  P.Pf. 

cepissem 

IMP.     ] 

Pr. 

cape 

capere 

gradere       INF. 

Pf 

cepisse 

F. 

capito 

capitor 

graditor 

INF. 

Pr. 

capere 

capi 

gradi 

PART. 

Pr. 

capiens 

gradiens 

GBR. 

capiendi 

gradiendi 

GER'VB. 

capiendus  gradiendus 

For  signs  of  System,  Tense,  and  Mood,  see  pp.  17,  33. 
For  peculiarities  of  Conjugation,  see  pp.  47,  49,  50. 


Supine  System,  ending  in  t  or  S 
characteristic. 

Active. 
PART.    F.      capturus 
INF.       F.      capturus  esse 
SUP.                captum 

Deponent^ 
gress  urus 
gressurus  esse 
gressum 

Passive. 

IND. 

SUB. 

IMP. 

PART. 
SUP. 

{Pf.       captus  sum 
P.Pf.  captus  eram 
F.Pf.  captus  ero 
j  Pf.       captus  sira 
/  P.Pf.  captus  essem 
(  Pf.       captus  esse 
i  F.        captum  iri 
Pf.       captus 
captu 

gressus  sum 
gressus  eram 
gressus  ero 
gressus  sim 
gressus  essem 
gressus  esse 

gressUS 
gressu 

In  the 
Towel. 

analysis,    gress  = 

grad  +  s,  with  a  c 

change  of 


92 


Vocabulary. 


VOCABULARY  OF   FIVE  HUNDRED  COMMON  WORDS, 

MOSTLY  SELECTED  AS  THEY  OCCUR  IN  CAESAR,    I-IV. 
[To  be  committed  to  memory,  with  the  principal  parts.] 

VERBS  OF  THE  A  (FIRST)  CONJUGATION. 

hortor,  exhort. 
fugo,  rout. 
moror,  delay. 
vaco,  be  vacant. 
juvo,  aid. 
postulo,  demand. 
maiido,  enjoin. 
praedico,  affirm. 
veto,  forbid. 
versor,  move  about. 
vito,  shun. 
dimico,yf^/. 
servo,  preserve. 
tento,  try. 
cunctor,  delay. 
volo,  fly. 
lavo,  wash. 
recuso,  refuse. 
oro,  beseech. 
propinquo,  approach. 
judico,  judge. 
dubito,  doubt. 
neco,  put  to  death. 
praedor,  plunder. 
comitor,  accompany* 


mercor,  traffic. 
porto,  carry. 
epecto,  look. 
juro,  swear. 
sto,  stand. 
vagor,  rove. 
firmo,  strengthen. 
conor,  endeavor. 
probo,  prove. 
spero,  hope. 
damno,  condemn. 
cogito,  think. 
cito,  rouse. 
arbitror,  consider. 
paro,  prepare. 


aestimo,  reckon. 
nuntio,  announce. 
mature,  hasten. 
rogo,  ask. 
puto,  suppose. 
tempero,  restrain. 
impero,  command. 
nego,  say  not. 
impetro,  obtain. 
vastor,  devastate. 
do,  give. 
appello,  address. 


laudo,  praise. 
ligo,  bind. 


VERBS  OF  THE  E  (SECOND)  CONJUGATION. 

teneo,  hold.  moveo,  move. 

habeo,  have.  pendeo,  hang. 

suadeo,  advise.  video,  see. 

doleo,  grieve.  videor,  seem. 

pateo,  lie  open.  \  jubeo,  order. 


Vocabulary. 


93 


spondee,  promise. 
stadeo,  be  eager  for. 
caveo,  be  on  one's  guard. 
oportet,  one  ought. 
licet,  one  may. 
taceo,  be  silent. 
valeo,  be  strong. 
audeo,  dare. 
augeo,  aitgment. 
faveo,  favor. 
vereor,  fear. 
pleo,  fill. 
fleo,  weep. 
censeo,  determine. 
sedeo,  sit. 


praebeo,  afford. 
jaceo,  lie,  be  situated. 
timeo,  fear. 
debeo,  owe. 
soleo,  be  wont. 
doceo,  teach. 
urgeo,  push. 
lateo,  be  hidden. 
noceo,  hurt. 
voveo,  vow. 
rideo,  laugh. 
maneo,  remain. 
polliceor,  promise. 
arceo,  repel. 
careo,  lack. 


VERBS  OF  THE  I  (FOURTH)  CONJUGATION. 


eo,  go. 

orior,  rise. 

potior,  become  master  of. 

venio,  come. 

munio,  fortify. 

metior,  measure. 

sentio,  feel. 

reperio,  find. 

aperio,  open. 


vincio,  bind. 
experior,  try. 
impedio,  embarrass. 
ordior,  begin. 
scio,  know. 
salio,  leap. 
mentior,  lie,  falsify. 
servio,  serve. 


VERBS  OF  THE  CONSONANT  (THIRD)  CONJUGATION. 


divide,  divide. 
fero,  bear. 
colo,  cultivate. 
gero,  carry  on. 
tendo,  stretch. 
cupio,  desire. 
tango,  touch. 
nosco,  learn. 
duco,  lead. 
facio,  make. 


statuo,  establish ,  resolve. 

emo,  buy. 

peto,  ask,  go  to. 

tego,  cover. 

ago,  do,  treat  with. 

sequor,  follow. 

rapio,  snatch. 

uro,  burn. 

tollo,  take  up  or  away. 

utor.  use. 


94 


Vocabulary. 


proficiscor,  set  forth. 

fluo,  flow. 

patior,  suffer. 

mitto,  send. 

caedo,  cut. 

pello,  beat. 

cedo,  yield. 

sumo,  take. 

volo,  wish. 

pono,  place. 

verto,  turn. 

jacio,  cast. 

cresco,  grow. 

rumpo,  break. 

stringo,  bind,  graze. 

scribo,  write. 

solvo,  loose. 

gradior,  step,  go. 

ulciscor,  p^^nish. 

specio  (in  cp.),  look. 

sisto,  place,  stand. 

obliviscor,  forget. 

prodo  (cp.  of  DO),  betray. 


dedo, 

abdo, 

trado, 

perdo, 

credo, 

vendo, 

reminiscor 


surrender, 
conceal, 
deliver, 
destroy, 
believe, 
sell, 
remember. 


cado,  fall. 
queror,  complain. 
quaero,  inquire. 
alo,  nourish. 
fendo  (in  cp.),  ward  off. 
loquor,  speak. 
prehendo,  seize. 
fugio,  flee. 
vinco,  conquer. 
lacesso,  attack. 
struo,  arrange. 
frango,  break. 


fingo,  form. 

figo,/*. 

fallo,  deceive. 

texo.  weave. 

flecto,  bend. 

vello,  pull. 

claudo,  close. 

posco,  demand. 

arcesso,  send  for. 

morior,  die. 

curro,  run. 

nascor,  be  born. 

metuo,  fear. 

premo,  press. 

pergo  (cp.  of  REGO),  proceed. 

surgo,       „       „       rise. 

diligo,      „    LEGO,  love. 

consuesco,  accustom. 

vivo,  live. 

fido,  trust. 

disco,  learn.         [chance). 

nanciscor,       obtain       (by 

adipiscor,  obtain  (by  effort). 

jungo,  join. 

scindo,  tear  down. 

fundo,  pour. 

trudo,  thrust. 

carpo,  pluck. 

vado,  go,  move. 

scando  (in  cp.),  climb. 

tero,  rub. 

relinquo,  leave. 

spargo,  scatter. 

traho,  draw. 

cerno,  see,  separate. 

cingo,  surround. 

veho,  carry. 

pendo,  weigh  out,  pay. 

fligo,  dash. 

quatio  (in  cp.),  strike. 

consulo,  consult. 

tribuo,  grant,  assign. 


Vocabulary. 


95 


NOUNS  OF  THE  A  (FIRST)  DECLENSION. 


copia,  plenty. 
copiae,  forces. 
poena,  punishment. 
fossa,  ditch. 
gratia,  good  will. 
gratiae,  thanks. 
hora,  hour. 
fuga,  flight. 
mora,  delay. 
ora,  coast. 
sarcina,  pack. 
pugna,  fight. 
tuba,  trumpet. 
galea,  helmet. 
luna,  moon. 
rota,  wheel. 


turma,  squadron. 

via,  way. 

ripa,  bank. 

lacrima,  tear. 

aiigustiae,  narrow  passes. 

insidiae,  ambush. 

vigilia,  watch. 

silva,  forest. 

catena,  chain. 

sagitta,  arrow. 

funda,  sling. 

juba,  mane. 

causa,  cause. 

cura,  care. 

filia,  daughter. 

tabula,  table,  list. 


NOUNS  OF  THE  O  (SECOND)  DECLENSION. 


bellum,  war. 
iiiitium,  beginning. 
imperium,  government. 
ager,  field,  land. 
amicus,  friend. 
filius,  son. 
regnum,  kingdom. 
vinculum,  bond. 
oppidum,  town. 
vicus,  'village. 
frumentum,  grain. 
periculum,  danger. 
consilium,  plan,  wisdom. 
vadum,  ford. 
locus,  place. 
murus,  wall. 

praesidium,  guard,  protec- 
castra,  camp,  \tion. 

castellum,  fort. 


telum,  weapon. 
praelium,  battle. 
jugum,  ridge,  yoke. 
pabulum,  fodder. 
brachium,  arm. 
signum,  standard. 
vallum,  rampart. 
scutum,  shield. 
pilum,  javelin. 
gladius,  sword. 
servus,  slave. 
auxiliuin,  help. 
auxilia,  a  uxtlia  ries. 
subsidium,  support. 
animus,  spirit,  mind. 
saxum,  rock. 
negotium,  business. 
domus  (also  4th),  house. 
ventus,  wind. 


96 


Vocabulary. 


tergum,  back,  rear. 
remus,  oar. 
arma,  arms. 
concilium,  council. 
puer,  boy. 
modus,  manner. 
socius,  ally. 
stipendium,  tribute. 


praemium,  reward. 
donum,  gift. 
fumus,  smoke. 
vir,  man. 
ovum,  egg. 
solum,  ground,  soil. 
omcium,  duty. 
tumulus,  hillock. 


ADJECTIVES  OF  THE  FIRST  AND  SECOND  DECLENSION, 


altus,  high,  deep. 
cupidus,  eager. 
angustus,  narrow. 
latus,  wide. 
firmus,  strong. 
dubius,  doubtful. 
mirus,  wonderful. 
invitus,  unwilling. 
gratus,  pleasing. 
dexter,  right. 
sinister,  left. 
commodus,  convenient. 
idoneus,  Jit. 
callidus,  cunning. 
arduus,  steep. 
aridus,  dry. 
amplus,  large. 
magnus,  great. 
parvus,  small. 
multus,  much. 
bonus,  good. 
malus,  bad. 
certus,  certain. 
durus,  hard. 
dignus,  worthy. 


Justus,  just. 
propinquus,  near. 
longinquus,  far. 
ferus,  fierce. 
bar  bar  us,  barbarous. 
aequus,  level,  fair. 
alius,  another. 
nullus,  no. 
solus,  alone. 
totus,  all,  entire. 
unus,  one. 
ullus,  any. 
alter,  the  other. 
uter,  which  (of  two)  ? 
neuter,  neither. 
novus,  new. 
pauci  ($\^few. 
plenus,  full. 
rarus,  rare. 
reliquus,  remaining. 
medius,  middle,  central* 
egregius,  remarkable. 
eximius,  distinguished. 
exiguus,  scanty. 
ceteri  (pi.),  the  rest. 


Vocabulary. 


97 


NOUNS  OF  THE  CONSONANT  (THIRD)  DECLENSION. 

[Learn  the  Gender  as  marked.] 


pars,  F.,  part. 

flumeii,  N.,  stream. 

virtus,  F  ,  valor. 

finis,  c.,  end. 

fines  (pi.),  M.,  boundaries. 

sol,  M.,  sun. 

mons,  M.,  mountain. 

pons,  M.,  bridge. 

rex,  M.,  king. 

civis,  c.,  citizen. 

civitas,  F.,  state. 

miles,  M.,  soldier. 

latus,  N.,  side. 

dolor,  M.,  pain. 

auctor,  M.,  author. 

iter,  N.,  march,  route. 

pax,  F.,  peace. 

lex,  F.,  law. 

dux,  CM  leader. 

tempus,  N.,  time. 

mos,  M.,  custom. 

ignis,  TA.,fire. 

mensis,  M.,  month. 

legio,  F.,  legion. 

Conors,  F.,  cohort. 

voluntas,  F.,  wish,  consent. 

pes,  M.,/00/. 

opus,  N.,  work,  business. 

navis,  F.,  ship. 

ratis,  F.,  raft. 

hiems,  F.,  winter. 

obses,  c.,  hostage. 

agmen,  N.,  marching  column. 

eques,  M.,  horseman. 

pedes,  M.,  footman. 

frater,  M.,  brother. 

pater,  M.,  father. 

mater,  p.,  mother. 


soror,  F.,  sister. 

lux,  F.,  light. 

oollis,  M.,'  hill. 

corpus,  N.,  body. 

salus,  F.,  safety. 

homo,  c.,  man  or  woman. 

potestas,  F.,  power. 

nox,  F.,  night. 

arbor,  F.,  tree. 

vulnus,  N.,  wound. 

urbs,  p.,  city 

trabs,  p.,  beam. 

palus,  F.,  swamp. 

pecus,  N.,  flock. 

imber,  M.,  rain.        [count. 

ratio,  F.,  reason,  plan,  ac- 

aestas,  F.,  summer. 

latro,  M.,  robber. 

aetas,  F.,  age. 

funis,  c.,  rope. 

orbis,  M.,  circle. 

lac,  N.,  milk. 

caro,  F.,  flesh. 

pellis,  F.,  skin. 

fames,  F.,  hunger. 

mulier,  F.,  woman. 

merces,  F.,  reward,  pay. 

piscis,  UL.,flsh. 

senex,  M.,  old  man. 

sedes,  F.,  seat,  abode. 

caput,  N.,  head. 

os  (gen.  oris),  w.,face,  mouth. 

vox,  F.,  voice. 

servitus,  F.,  slavery. 

jus,  N.,  law,  right. 

vectigal,  N.,  revenue 

nemo,  c.,  nobody. 

arx,  F.,  citadel. 


Vocabulary. 


mens,  p.,  mind. 
pudor,  M.,  shame. 
ordo,  M.,  rank,  company. 
laus,  p.,  praise. 
frigus,  N.,  cold. 
genus,  N.,  kind,  race. 
sors,  F.,  lot. 
hostis,  c.,  enemy. 


custos,  c.,  guard. 
hospes,  c.,  host,  friend. 
comes,  c.,  companion. 
radix,  F.,  root. 
timor,  u.,fear. 
opes(pL),  F.,  power,  means, 
facultas,  F.,  means,  oppor* 
munus,  N.,  gift.        [tunify. 


ADJECTIVES  OF  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION. 


[Those  of  2  and  3 

fortis,  2,  brave. 
nobilis,  2,  noble. 
facilis,  2,  easy. 
princeps,  chief. 
anceps,  double-headed. 
omnis,  2,  all. 
vetus,  old. 
mollis,  2,  soft,  gentle. 
brevis,  2,  short. 
gravis,  2,  heavy. 
acer,  3,  sharp. 
alacer,  3,  active. 
communis,  2,  common. 
tenuis,  2,  slender. 
equester,  3,  cavalry. 


terminations  are  so  marked.] 

pedester,  3,  infantry. 
Silvester,  3,  woody. 
lenis,  2,  gentle,  slow. 
fertilis,  2,  fertile. 
mediocris,  2,  moderate. 
supplex,  suppliant. 
duplex,  double. 
triplex,  triple. 
dives,  rich. 
felix,  happy. 
audax,  bold. 
velox,  swift. 
celer,  3,  qitick. 
humilis,  2,  humble. 
similis,  2,  like. 


NOUNS  OF  THE  FOURTH  DECLENSION. 


cultus,  culture,  fashion. 
victus,  living. 
adventus,  coining. 
discessus,  departure. 
vultus,  countenance. 
comxneatus,  supplies. 
nutus,  nod. 
manus,  F.,  hand. 
domus,  F.,  house. 
exercitus,  army. 
equitatus,  cavalry. 


fructus,  fruit. 
impetus,  onset. 
lacus,  lake. 

cornu,  wing  of  an  army. 
portus,  harbor. 
aestus,  tide. 
consensus,  consent. 
conventus,  court,  meeting* 
aditus,  access. 
principatus,  leadership. 


Idiomatic  Sentences.  99 


NOUNS  OF  THE  FIFTH  DECLENSION. 


res,  thing. 

dies,  M.  or  F.,  day. 

fides,  faith. 

acies,  line  of  battle. 


spes,  hope. 
species,  appearance. 
mer idles,  M.,  midday. 


IDIOMATIC  SENTENCES, 

TO    BE    COMMITTED    TO    MEMORY. 

[References  to  the  Grammar,  in  connection,  may  be  given  by  th« 
teacher.] 

1.  Scito  me  domum  ire, 

You  must  know  I'm  going  home. 

2.  Fatendum  est  me  erravisse, 

I  must  admit  I  was  mistaken. 

3.  Tibi  domum  ire  licet, 

You  may  go  home. 

4.  Nobis  domum  ire  licuit, 

We  might  have  gone  home. 

5.  Te  domi  esse  oportet, 

You  ought  to  be  at  home. 

6.  Nos  domi  esse  oportuit, 

We  ought  to  have  been  at  home. 

7.  Potuit  facere,  sed  noluit, 

He  could  have  done  it ;  but  he  would  not. 

8.  Faciam  si  potero, 

I  will  do  it,  if  I  can. 

9.  Longum  est  tibi  enarrare  omnia, 

It  would  be  tedious  to  tell  you  all  completely. 

IO.     Jam  triduum  exspecto, 

I  have  been  waiting  now  three  days. 


IOO  Idiomatic  Sentences. 

11.  Jam  biduum  exspectabat, 

He  had  been  waiting  two  days  already. 

12.  Si  hostes  audierint,  statim  fugient, 

If  the  enemy  hear,  they  will  instantly  fly. 

13.  Literas  et  eas  longas  tantum  non  confeci, 

I  have  all  but  finished  the  letter,  and  that  too  a 
long  one. 

14.  Audacior  est  quam  sapientior, 

He  is  more  bold  than  wise. 

15.  Quo  citius  feceris,  eo  melius  erit, 

The  sooner  you  do  it,  the  better  it  will  be. 

16.  Erga  me  fratrem  se  gessit, 

He  has  behaved  toward  me  like  a  brother. 

17.  Parum  urbane  me  usus  est, 

He  has  treated  me  uncivilly. 

1 8.  Caesar,  me  judice,  summus  erat  imperator, 

Caesar  was,  in  my  judgment,  a  consummate  general. 

19.  Hoc  tibi  sit  exemplo, 

Let  this  be  an  example  to  you. 

20.  Summae  est  dementiae  bonos  mores  parvi 

pendere, 

It   is    the    height   of  folly    to    undervalue    good 
character. 

21.  Per  me  licet  abeas, 

You  may  depart,  so  far  as  I  am  concerned. 

22.  Nobis  omnia  frustra  tentantibus  abiit, 

He  left,  in  spite  of  all  we  could  do. 

23.  Nullis  adjuvantibus  opus  confeci, 

I  have  finished  the  work  without  assistance. 


Idiomatic  Sentences.  101 

24.  Vobis  me  invito  domo  non  exeundum  est, 

You  must  not  leave  home  against  my  consent. 

25.  His  paucis  diebus  certior  factus  sum, 

I  was  informed  a  few  days  ago. 

26.  Diem  ex  die  exspectabat, 

He  waited  day  after  day. 

27.  Haec  una  res  mihi  deest, 

This  is  the  only  thing  which  I  want. 

28.  Ex  quo  tempore  redii,  in  meos  libros  dili* 

genter  incubui, 

Since  I  returned,  I  have  diligently  devoted  myself 
to  my  books. 

29.  Si  quid  opus  facto  erit,  veniam, 

If  there  is  any  need  of  action,  I  will  come. 

30.  Me  non  sentiente  exiit, 

He  went  out  without  my  noticing  it. 

31.  Alius  aliud  faciebat, 

One  was  doing  one  thing,  another  another. 

32.  Alius  aliam  in  partem  se  recepit, 

One  retired  in  one  direction,  another  in  another. 

33.  Alius  aliter  se  habet. 

One  is  situated  in  one  way,  another  another. 

34.  Aliter  se  res  habet  atque  putabam, 

The  thing  is  otherwise  than  I  supposed. 

35.  Magno   opere  praecavendum  est  ne  deci« 

piamur, 
We  must  take  great  precaution  not  to  be  deceived 

36.  Enitendum  est  ut  vincamus, 

We  must  strive  to  conquer. 


IO2  Idiomatic  Sentences. 

37.  Hue  accedebat,  ut  Caesar  a  me  staret, 

In  addition  to  this,  Caesar  stood  by  me  (on  my  side). 

38.  Improbi  poenis  deterrendi  sunt,  ne  injurias 

faciant, 

Wicked  men  must  be  deterred  by  punishment  from 
doing  injury. 

39.  Injuriam  facis,  qui  mihi  maledicas, 

You  do  wrong  to  speak  ill  of  me. 

40.  Vereor  ne  optimus  quisque  hoc  sibi  per- 

suasum  habeat, 

I  fear  that  all  good  men  are  persuaded  of  this. 

41.  Non  recusabimus  quominus  tecum  agamus, 

We  will  not  object  to  deal  with  you. 

42.  Improbi  non  sibi  temperabunt  quin  injurias 

faciant, 

Wicked  men  will  not  refrain  from  doing  injury. 

43-     Quod  meo  commodo  facere  possim  te  juvabo, 

I  will  help  you  so  far  as  I  conveniently  can. 

44.  Satis  causae  est  quare  me  juves, 

There  is  reason  enough  \  f°r  3™  touhcl?  ™c; 

(  why  you  should  help  me. 

45.  Ostende  nobis  quid  tui  consilii  sit, 

Show  us  what  is  in  your  plan. 

46.  Mirum  videbatur  quid  tibi  meo  auxilio  opus 

esset, 

It  seemed  strange  what  need  you  had  of  my  help. 

47.  Non  est  cur  timeas, 

There  is  no  reason  {  f°r  7™  *«***'  f 

(  why  you  should  rear. 


Idiomatic  Sentences.  103 

48.  Reliquum  est  ut  quam  primum  abeas, 

It  remains  for  you  to  leave  as  soon  as  possible. 

49.  In  eo  est  ut  moriatur, 

He  is  at  the  point  of  death. 

50.  Honestior  est  quam  qui  te  decipiat, 

He  is  too  honest  to  deceive  you. 

51.  Literas   magna  cum   diligentia   scribendas 

curavi, 

I  have  had  the  letter  written  very  carefully. 

52.  Fieri  potest  ut  quamvis  subito  accidat, 

It  may  happen  at  any  moment. 

{gratiam  habuit, 
gratias  egit, 
gratiam  retulit, 

/  felt  grateful  to  me. 

According  to  my  desert  he  <  thanked  me. 
(  requited  me. 

54.  Duobus  annis  post  Caesarem  interfectum 

periit  Brutus, 

Brutus  perished  two  years  after  the  killing  of  Caesar. 

55.  Vobis  discedendi  potestatem  faciam, 

I  will  give  you  leave  to  depart. 

56.  Difficile  dictu  est  quanto  opprobrio  ignavia 

sit. 

It  is  hard  to  say  how  disgraceful  laziness  Is. 


IO4       Specimen  of  Examination  Papers. 

[To  represent  the  nature  of  the  work  that  may  be 
done  with  beginners  in  Latin,  by  the  method  sug- 
gested in  this  "  Primer,"  I  subjoin  the  following  copies 
of  the  examination  papers  which  were  given  to  the 
first  class  that  used  it.  The  class  consisted  of  about 
twenty  pupils,  whose  ages  ranged  from  fifteen  to 
twenty-two.  To  half  of  these,  Latin  was  a  new 
study.  They  finished  the  "  Primer  "  in  about  four 
weeks,  making  ten  (half-hour)  recitations  a  week.  At 
the  end  of  five  months  more,  they  had  finished  and 
reviewed  the  first  four  books  of  Caesar,  in  the  manner 
represented  by  the  examination  papers,  at  the  rate  of 
six  (hour)  recitations  a  week.] 

Specimen  of  Examination  upon  the  Second  Bookt  after  it 
has  been  read  and  reviewed. 

WILLISTON    SEMINARY. 

Junior  Classical,  Division  A,  December,  1877. 

I.  TRANSLATE  :  — 

Caesar  obsidibus  acceptis  primis  civitatis  atque  ipsius  Galbae  regis 
duobus  filiis,  armisque  omnibus  ex  oppido  traditis,  in  deditionem  Sues- 
siones  accepit,  exercitumque  in  Bellovacos  ducit. 
RECOMPOSITION  :  — 

i.  Caesar  is  going  to  receive  the  king's  son  as  a  hostage.  2.  The 
king  is  going  to  deliver  up  all  the  arms  from  the  town.  3.  All  the  arms 
ought  to  be  delivered  up  by  the  king.  4.  The  king  ought  to  deliver 
up  his  two  sons  as  hostages.  5.  The  king  himself  being  delivered  up, 
his  sons  also  will  be  delivered  up. 

II.  TRANSLATE:  — 

Caesar  honoris  Divitiaci  atque  Aeduorum  causa  sese  eos  in  fidem 
recepturum  et  conservaturum  dixit ;  quod  erat  civitas  magna  inter  Bel- 
gas  auctoritate  et  hominum  multitudine  praestabat,  DC  obsides  po- 
poscit.  His  traditis  omnibusque  armis  ex  oppido  collatis  ab  eo  loco  in 
fines  Ambianorum  pervenit,  qui  se  suaque  omnia  sine  mora  dediderunt. 


Specimen  of  Examination  Papers.       105 

1.  Principal  parts  of  receptunim,  traditis,  collatis? 

2.  Synopsis  of  conservaturum,  praestabat,  pervenit  ? 

3.  Gender  of  honoris,  civitas,  multitudine,  obsides  ? 

4.  Rules  for  gender  of  fidem,  auctoritate,  oppido  ? 

5.  Construction  of  sese,  Belgas,  auctoritate,  armis,  sua  ? 

6.  Give  the  combined  declension  of  eo  loco.     Inflect  the  tense  of 
dediderunt.     Analyze  praestabat  and  poposcit. 

III.    GIVE  THE  LATIN  FOR  THESE  WORDS:  — 

Body,  swamp,  hill,  new,  business,  reward,  demand,  draw,  pour, 
nourish,  use,  find,  rouse. 

Specimen  of  Examination  upon  the  Third  and  Fourth 
Books,  after  they  have  been  read  and  reviewed 

WTLLISTON   SEMINARY. 

Junior  Classical,  Division  A,  February,  1878. 

I.  TRANSLATE  :  — 

Hac  confirmata  opinione  timoris  idoneum  quendam  hominem  et 
callidum  delegit  Gallum  ex  his  quos  auxilii  causa  secum  habebat.  Huic 
magnis  praemiis  pollicitationibusque  persuadet  uti  ad  hostes  transeat,  et 
quid  fieri  velit  edocet 

RECOMPOSITION  :  — 

i.  We  are  going  to  choose  certain  fit  men  from  those  whom  we  have 
with  us  as  helpers.  2.  These  ought  to  be  persuaded  to  go  over  to  the 
enemy.  3.  We  ought  to  go  over  to  Caesar,  and  inform  him  what  we 
wish  to  be  done. 

II.  TRANSLATE:  — 

Sed  tantae  multitudinis  aditu  perterriti  ex  iis  aedificiis  quae  trans 
flumen  habuerant  demigraverunt,  et  cis  Rhenum  dispositis  praesidiis 
Germanos  transire  prohibebant. 

Give  the  principal  parts  of  all  the  verbs.  Give  the  construction  of 
all  the  nouns,  with  the  rules.  Give  the  synopsis  of  the  present  system 
of  transire. 

III.  TRANSLATE:  — 

Est  autem  hoc  Gallicae  consuettidinis,  uti  et  viatores  etiam  invitos 
consistere  cogant,  et  quod  quisque  eorum  de  quaque  re  audierit,  aut 


io6       Specimen  of  Examination  Papers. 

cognoverit,  quaerant,  et  mercatores  in  oppidis  vulgus  circumpistat,  qui- 
busque  ex  regionibus  veniant,  quasque  ibi  res  cognoverint,  pronuntiare 
cogant 

Explain  the  subjunctives.    Analyze  veniant,  cognoverint 

IV.  IDIOMATIC  SENTENCES  :  — 

I  will  do  it  if  I  can.     I  am  not  the  man  to  do  this.     He  has  acted 
toward  me  like  a  brother.     He  is  at  the  point  of  death. 

V.  GIVE  THE  LATIN  FOR  THESE  WORDS  :  — 

Join,  tear,  measure,  lie,  hurt,  desire,  cover,  flow,  dig,  winter,  wound, 
wheel. 


Specimen  of  Examination  upon  the  First  Book,  after  it 
has  been  read  and  reviewed. 

WILLISTON   SEMINARY. 

Junior  Classical,  Division  A,  April,  1878. 

I.  TRANSLATE  :  — 

Postquam  id  animum  advertit,  copias  suas  Caesar  in  proximum 
collem  subducit,  equitatumque  qui  sustineret  hostium  irnpetum  misit 
Ipse  interim  in  colle  medio  triplicem  aciem  instruxit  legionum  quatuoi 
veteranarum. 

Explain  case  of  id.  Compare  proximum.  Imperative  active  of 
subducit?  Sustineret,  why  subjunctive? 

RECOMPOSITION  :  — 

i.  Cavalry  must  be  sent  to  resist  the  onset  of  the  enemy.  2.  Upon 
the  withdrawal  of  Caesar's  forces  the  enemy  are  going  to  send  cavalry 
to  the  nearest  hill.  3.  Caesar,  having  drawn  up  his  forces  half  way  up 
the  hill,  resisted  the  enemy's  attack  with  four  legions. 

II.  TRANSLATE  :  — 

Ad  haec  Ariovistus  respondit :  Jus  esse  belli  ut  qui  vicissent  iis  quo* 
vicissent  quemadmodum  vellent  imperarent,  item  populum  Romanum 
victis  non  ad  alterius  praescriptum  sed  ad  suum  arbitrium  imperare  con- 
suesse.  Si  ipse  populo  Romano  non  praescriberet  quemadmodum  suo 
jure  uteretur,  non  oportere  sese  a  populo  Romano  in  suo  jure  impediri 


Hints  on  Reading  at  Sight.  107 

Rule  for  moods  in  indirect  discourse?  Rule  for  connection  of 
tenses  ?  Principal  parts  of  all  the  verbs  in  this  extract  ?  Synopsis  of 
praescriberet  ?  of  uteretur  ?  Analyze  these  two  verbs.  Decline  alterius 
and  jure. 

RECOMPOSITION  :  — 

We  ought  not  to  be  interfered  with  in  our  rights.  We  are  accus- 
tomed to  use  our  rights  according  to  our  own  choice. 

III.  IDIOMATIC  SENTENCES  :  — 

In  addition  to  this,  he  lied.  Show  us  what  is  in  your  plan.  He  will 
aiways  be  on  my  side.  It  happened  every  ten  days.  If  there  is  any 
need  of  action,  we  will  come. 

IV.  Write  the  Table  of  Correlatives. 


HINTS  ON  READING  AT  SIGHT. 

[Compare  Hints  for  Help  in  Translating,  p.  73.] 

To  read  Latin  at  sight,  the  following  things,  an 
introduction  to  which  has  been  given  in  the  fore- 
going pages,  are  of  chief  importance :  — 

1.  Familiarity  with  the  inflectional  endings. 

2.  Knowledge  of  the  principal  rules  of  syntax,  and 
of  the  arrangement  of  words  in  a  sentence. 

3.  A  good  vocabulary  of  root- words. 

4.  Acquaintance  wij;h  the  meaning  of  the  forma- 
tive endings,  and  of  prepositions  in  composition. 

5.  Mastery  of  the  chief  idioms. 

6.  Attention  to  the  drift  and  connection  of  what  is 
read. 

7.  Abstinence   from   the  dictionary,  except  as  a 
last  resort. 


PRESSWORK   BY 

GINN  &  COMPANY, 
BOSTON. 


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